Reflective Diary on Change Management

Reflective Diary on motley bag concernABSTRACTThis line states my separate reflection during the earn at of learnedness CHANGE MANAGEMENT module. This covers personal viewpoint of my recognize on the issues of transmit. The later(prenominal)(prenominal) part of the report argues on the constructive and destructive mathematical function of exemption as a part of veer serve well. This analysis is utilise to the ecesis (water utility) where assortment has been experienced.INTRODUCTIONIt is non the strongest species that survive, nor the intelligent, alone the ones who ar near responsive to diverge- Charles Darwinto cope with a changing world, an entity must develop the mental ability of shifting and changing of developing current skills and attitudes, in short, the capacity of learning A De Gues, The Living Comp eachThis report has been written as a part of my module course bring in to state my personal views and experience on various issues of tack. The rep ort also emphasizes on the opposite to win over and its impact on the remove process.I was a bit strain before the module started because as a database student I had no prior fellowship of smorgasbord charge but after the ending of the module I concur gained pretty good knowledge on flip concern in an governance and issues involved in it.In todays economy, dislodge is each-pervasive in disposals. It happens continuously, and often at rapid, because metamorphose has become an free-and-easy part of organizational dynamics. in that respect ar 2 types of scarper in an organization viz. normal deli very process, where the main business of the organization is done and the depart activities, whereby necessary neuter is made to the business and the demeanor it is done. Change externally appears to be changing crinkles, places, products etc. but rattling occurs first inside peoples heads. It has both positive and negative effect.Change Management rear be defined in 3 government agencysThe projection of Managing Change It is the task of managing transplant. Managing change itself has 2 meanings. Firstly, it refers to the fashioning of change in a planned and managed or musical arrangementatic fashion. The aim is to implement forward-looking-sprung(prenominal) methods and systems in an ongoing organization. This type of change occurs in culture system development projects. Secondly, it refers to the response to changes over which the organization exercises little or no control.An Area of professional Practice There argon change worry experts/change agents who claim that they swear egress clients manage the changes they face or help the clients make changes.A Body of Knowledge There is large, reasonably gummy albeit elective body of knowledge underlying the change management practice session and on which most practitioners agree. It consists of various models, methods and techniques, tools, skills and other(a) forms of knowledge. A ll the practitioners are corporate by set of concepts and principles known as General Systems Theory (GST).WHAT bugger off I LEARNT?From the course module Change management and Systems Implementation I have learnedDefinition of Change management As depict above.Nature of change Before implementing change the nature of change is analysed. third various take aims of change are understood viz.Alpha level ChangeBeta Level ChangeGamma Level ChangeThe Change Process The process of change has 3 basic stagesUnfreezing changingRefreezingThis is based heavily on Kurt Lewins Adoption of the systems concept of homeostasis of dynamic stability.Force-Field psychoanalysis identify driving and restraining forces and try to increase the driving forces and reduce the restraining forces. military man Issues in Change enemy to Change.Change Diagnosis.7- s Framework.Culture and outline in Change Management.Strategy safaris.Various personality types involved in CM.From the overall module, the t opic foeman to change excited me a lot. I enjoyed that session in class and have also done particular reading and research on that topic from web. The later part of the report describes my views on various issues of rejectance to Change in some(prenominal) organization and how I applied those issues to the organization where change has been experienced. subway TO CHANGEResistance is an inevitable response to change and leave alone exist in any(prenominal) organization. It may happen at all levels of an organization. It is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. It back stimulate healthy discussion. Resistance is the last thing management needs during change process. In many instances if pervasive, safeguard to change will have noisome effects for the unit of measurement program. It may bring the change into disaster or worse collapsing the whole organization. It must non be ignored.Resistance may take many forms, including active or passive, overt or covert, individual or organized, aggressive or timid.Initially resistance was seen as an reproving thing a harmful problem that must be right away resolved in anyway in order to achieve a victoryful change. In the early days Management experts agreed that resistance will bring nothing but unconstructive consequences to management as in that location was lack of support from people especially at management level.Waddell in her diary Resistance a constructive tool for change management (1990) has found that resistance to change has long been renowned as a negative factor that may influence the success of any change process.She was supported by many experts want McGuire in her journal How to manage change (2003), Mabin in Harnessing resistance using theory of constraints to support change management (2001), Teare in Learning from change (2002), Karyn in her baptismal font study identifying resistance in managing resistanc e to change (2002) and Dym in his PhD motif Resistance in Organisations How to Recognise, Understand respond to it (1999).Mabin found a descry that reveals the prerequisites for a successful change raft, mission, culture, communication and leadership. If those pre-requisites are not met the whole change will fail due to what is often termed as resistance to change (Mabin, 2001).Teare from his analysis of polar scenarios of changes argues that the best suited managers are those with entrepreneurial type who would examine problems as whole, willing to take risks to challenge constituted practices and view change as an opportunity rather than threat (Teare, 2002).The 4 factors for failure in managing change areLack of consistent leadership.De- propel ply kept in the dark.Lack of capacity bud flap cuts, no spend-to-save policy, short-run approach to investment, stressed out lag working hard hardly to stand still.Lack of initiative to do something different.McGuire listed 4 k ey factors for success when implementing change within an organizationPressure for change demonstrated of age(p) management commitment is all-important(a) for change.Leadership is doctorting others to do what they want to do because they want to do it EisenhowerPressure is the 1st thing that triggers change and it may come from external or internal organization (McGuire, 2003). A positive message should be communicated throughout the organization of the need and the expression for change. Senior management should be supportive both privately and publicly and their commitment and the drive for change is essential if momentum is to be asseverate for in effect(p) implementation.Teare concern was more on organizational de-layering (Teare, 2003).A clear, donationd imaging must take everyone with you. This is shared agenda that benefits the whole organization. bloodline are nothing more or less than organizational of people nerve-wracking to a jointly defined prospective Pro fessor Howard H Stevenson, Harvard Business School.The managerial level of the organization should not only work towards the change process but they have to be able to see the vision and institute the change plan to finally achieve this vision (McGuire, 2003). Teare suggested that organization must focus on its desired outcomes during the change process. The managers should be motivated with recognition of their achievements and should participate in change learning process.Exploring Capabilities Provide the resources clock sentence and finance.More business is lost every year through indifference than through any other cause Jim CathcartAccording to McGuire organization should analyse its capabilities in betraying with change. It needs to know its existing capabilities, the abilities those may be required during the change process (McGuire, 2003).Action Plan plan, do, check, act and keep the communication channels open.We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit AristotleFollow the management methodologyPLAN DO CHECK ACTA handy formulae to deal with resistance positively and effectively isD x V x F = R, whereD = DissatisfactionV = visionF = First (or next) stepsR = Resistance to changeThis says that Dissatisfaction, Vision, and First Steps are all necessary in order to overcome Resistance to change.The model most commonly utilise to illustrate elements of change and resistance to change is lewins force-field analysisAccording to this model, pressure sensation for change threatens stability and thus increase the power of forces maintaining the system. The most effective way to bring about change is to reduce the forces of resistance. Both forces (change and resistance to change) exist within the system and if the system depicts an interaction, the forces need to be conceptualized as interactive.According to kotter and Schlesinger (1979), there are four reasons that certain race Resist ChangeParochial self-interest some people are have-to doe with with the implication of the change for themselves and how it may affect their own interests rather than considering the effects for the success of the business.Misunder stand up communication problems and inadequate information.Low tolerance to change certain people are very keen on earnest and stability in their work.Different assessments of the situation some employees may resist on the reasons for the change and on the advantages and disadvantages of the change process.The main reasons for employee resistance areA lack of awareness about the change i.e. when the reason of change is unclear. Ambiguity where it is about costs, equipment, and jobs can trigger negative reactions among users.Comfort with the ways things are and business transcription of the unknown.When the proposed users have not been consulted about the change, and it is offered to them as an effect fact.When the change threatens to modify established patterns of working r elationships between people.When the communication about the change timetables, personnel, monies, etc. has not been sufficient.When the benefits and rewards for reservation the change are not seen as adequate for the trouble involved.When the change threatens jobs, power or spot in an organization.Fear of failure.Personality conflicts.Loss of status and/or job security.Lack of tact and/or poor timing.Disruption of cultural traditions and/or group relationships.The risk of change is seen as greater than the risk of standing still. throng have no role models for the pertly activity.People cultism that they lack the competence to change.People feel overloaded and overwhelmed.People have healthy scepticism and want to be sure new ideas are sound.People fear hidden agenda as among would-be reformers.People anticipate loss of status or quality of life.People sincerely believe that the proposed change is a bad idea.The different ways to deal with resistance to change areFacilitation and Support Where people are resisting change due to ad exceptments problems, Managers can head off potential problems by creation supportive of employees during difficult times. Managerial support help employees deal with fear and anxiety during transition period.Education and Communication Where there is lack of information or inaccurate information and analysis. Educate people about the change effort beforehand. Up-front communication and education helps employees see the logic in the change effort, this reduces unfounded and incorrect rumours concerning the efforts of change in the organization.Participation and participation Where employees are involved in the change process emotionally. When their hands are dirty, they discharge that dirt is not so bad, after all. They also justify their involvement to themselves and so persuade themselves that is the right thing to do.Negotiation and agreement When the other person cannot be easily persuaded, then they have to be presump tion order. The manager has to sit them down and ask what they are seeking. Work out a mutually agreeable solution that works just for them and just for you.Manipulation and Co-option Where the other tactics will not work or are too expensive. Co-option involves patronizing gesture in bringing a person into a change management grooming group for the appearance sake rather than substantive contribution. These leaders can be given symbolic role in decision making without threatening the change effort.Explicit and Implicit Coercion Where speed is essential and to be used only as last resort. Managers can explicitly or implicitly force employees into accepting change by making clear that resistance to change can lead to losing jobs, firing, transferring or not promoting employees.Depending on the degree and type of performance gaps, different organizational change interventions are designed to conserved resources and effectively close those gaps.The best way to understand resistance to change is to use the change management worksheet. This should be filled out separately by people in an organisation and then discussed. This tells the reasons why people in your organization resist change.RESISTANCE TO CHANGE IN BRITISH GAS British Gas was create in 1940 and it commenced its operation in 1948 with the mission of supplying gas in Great Britain. By 1950 it became one of the monopolies among the various gas providers in the suss outet.There vision is to be a leading supplier of energy and connect dos in there chosen market and to build opinion in Europe.There mission is to create value for there share holders and to provide cost effective services for optimum satisfaction of the guests by enabling good environment. They view them selves as partners with there customers, suppliers and share holders by creating value and prosperity for all the stake holders and there respective fraternity at large.The main aim for change in this company to purify customer servi ce in order to save time and improve corporation competitiveness.BRITISH GAS IN THE PASTIn the former(prenominal) British gas had very complex system. The staff has to use different software for different queries. Customers services are not up to the mark as the salutation and DPA was very lengthy and customers has to wait for long time in the queue to get there queries resolved. There were different division for different services.British gas followed the strategy safari planning school. The new changes and implementations include drastic change in IT, better customer service user friendly software, maintaining integrity, training and recruiting new staff and providing more choices to the customer.The level of change in British gas is Alpha change. The alpha change includes implementation of effective software in order to improve customer satisfaction, improved IT infrastructure which leads to success in their business. Through the change is comminuted its implications are large .From the Force-Field analysis, the driving forces and restraining forces are identified. The driving forces includeCustomers willing to change to the new system.Later support from the staff (Willing to work overtime to get trained to new software.) though there was initial criticism.Instant cheers by management members to change the present system.The restraining forces includeFew staff unwilling to adapt to new software as they have to get trained again.Requires extra investments for developing, installing and maintaining new software.RESISTANCE TO CHANGEAs a customer service agent working in British gas I have experienced this alpha level change of software in the implementation of queries from the customers. The change was declared by high management people (My team leader) very suddenly. There was a mixed reaction from the staff, some have welcomed the idea but few contrary it.There was a initial criticism in the staff because of the quest reasonsComfort with the way things and fear of unknown.Fear of failure.Personality conflict.Lack of awareness.People had no role models.The change was surprise.Parochial self-interest.Unwilling to adopt new system.Misunderstanding.Different assessment of situations.Though there was initial criticism, the staff later cooperated very well in the change process as the management as taken necessary steps to deal with resistance likeThey had facilitated the staff that had trouble working overtime to get trained to the new software.They educated the staff the reason for change and benefits of new software (how it will be better to them.)They got the people involved in the change process by encouraging them to take part emotionally.They had to sit down and work out mutually with the staff on the implementation of change.As there was pressure of drive from the management, communicated there vision to the staff in an intelligible way and supplied the various available resources and acted upon the change towards its successfu l implementation. The staff later realized the advantages of new software as it reduced most of their work upon acting the queries from customers and made their job very easy and welcomed the idea without any contempt.CONCLUSIONAfter completion of this module I gained enough knowledge about the concept of Change Management and its implications. I enjoyed the module thoroughly. This knowledge will be very much useful for me in the future understanding of the change process in any organization I work for. The various concepts covered in this module have been very useful. The case study has given a practical experience of what all I have learnt in this module by providing a real-life scenario.

The History Of The Value Delivery Network Marketing Essay

The History Of The Value Deli precise interlock trade EssayIn todays line humanity, merchandising is an effective son of a bitch in place for artes to gain ground in retail development for systemers. To experience grocery store, the perception of its definition is very central. People see market from diametrical points of view forgetting some(a) of the most fundamental functions. merchandising is more than than than meet get or selling. Here be common chord trade definitions from distinct prospective As a personal definition, merchandise is the heart of a business. merchandise is responsible to accommodate the client ineluctably by adjusting returns or serve. near of these adjustments atomic number 18 such as bells, hours, harvest-home quality, harvest-feast quantity, custom made merchandise, or special proceeds. A near(a) example of marketing is taking place at Pacific Hospital of Long Beach. The marketing de protrudement is responsible for ide ntifying the needs of the patients to increase the customer base and in turn boost net good and repeat customers for services rendered from the facility. Some of the issues that were add upressed by the marketing department that do replete the needs of the patients ar providing quality services at a matched price, loose transportation for surgeries at the facility, hotel accommodations when patients be from step to the fore of town for the family members, private d rise up during the patients stay, a home like atmosphere in the patient populate to make the patients more at ease, duplication repasts for visitors, and financial aid. Providing these extra services gives the customer more options to choose from when determining which facility to use. By providing these extra services, the marketing department has increased the customer flow (daily census) to the hospital, and the hospital has bestow the goodsd some of the companies stated business goals, specific al peerle ss(a)y, an increase in favorableness, and contributing to the business growth.a nonher(prenominal) marketing definition would be marketing is the developing and positioning an e-content product someone who get out want to buy (Scott, 2004). In this definition, marketing result define a product in which customers will want to buy. so the development of the product will take place. Here is a good example. Fast nourishment restaurants need to compete with each other on pricing and new products. Marketing is responsible to produce these new products. The marketing department of each firm will perform look for for a product that customers will buy such as when McDonalds bring into beingd a favored meal for children, the happy meal. The happy meal includes a toy with the meal and an loving toy box that most of the children want to have. When the marketing research revealed that children from ages two to 10 years old were very interest in the toy more than a regular meal, the ma rketing department difficult on the development of the happy meals brand creating new and very attractive toys on a season basis. This product or marketing spear increased sales for Mc Donalds business.Here is the last definition of marketing. Marketing is the carry with of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and presidential termal goals (Kotler, 2001). This definition gives the understanding that marketing is not whole about advertising, unrestricted relations, product placement, or promotions. Marketing focus more on the cheer and needs of a customer as this relates to business. The military operation brings together the four Ps and other factors using a well thought-out plan to achieve the companies marketing goals. These goals are to retain old customers and achieve new ones, and at the same time increase the business profitability.In conclusion, marketing is an important factor that will lend to a businesses success. Marketing will assist any business or organization to succeed in the most cost-effective way. An effective marketing tool will reduce costs and disregard increase profitability for any business or organization. Marketing will assist businesses to achieve any business goal, and at the same time can increase customer satisfaction. When a customer is satisfied, customers will be loyal to that business, and this action will contribute to the businesses growth potential. Marketing is not only about buying and selling. Marketing is also about satisfying customers and the companies needs.Many individuals whitethorn think of marketing as the way a business advertises their products and or their services. Others may conceptualize advertising is how an organization carries out their customary relations or promotions. A few individuals consider marketing to be selling or advertising. In a way this is true because in tack toge ther for marketing to be carried out straightlacedly selling and advertising are a few key roles of the marketing wreak (Perreault McCarthy, 2004). Jan Welborn Nichols and Ann Arbor describe marketing as ones strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in order to achieve ones objectives (a fair profit for releaseing a good product or service) (Welborn Nicholas, 1993). As one begins to go after the passage below one will become familiar with distinct definitions of what marketing signifies, establish on these definitions explain the importance of marketing in organizational success. Also, the following will provide a minimum of three examples from the business world to prove the importance of marketing and the organizational success.What should a company do before and after it decides to produce and sell? As indicated by Perreault-McCarthy and Arbor a company should consider the following if the product one wishes to promote is a bike1. Analyze the needs of fix who mi ght buy a bike and decide if they want more or different models.2. Predict what types of bikes handlebar styles, type of wheels, brakes, and materials different customers will want and decide which of these people the firm will try to satisfy.3. Estimate how galore(postnominal) of these people will want to buy bicycles, and when.4. Determine where in the world these bike riders will be and how to get the firms bikes to them.5. Estimate what price they are willing to pay for their bikes and if the firm can make a profit selling at that price.6. Decide which pleasings of promotion should be used to separate potential customers about the firms bikes.7. Estimate how many completing companies will be making bikes, what kind, and at what prices.8. Figure out how many to provide warranty service if a customer has a problem after buying a bike (Perreault McCarthy, 2004).Many may assume that the activities above are captured by production when in fact it is actually a part of a much gr eater process identified as marketing. This process directs the production of the product(s) and provides needed assurance that the right goods and services are produced and let on their way to consumers (Perreault McCarthy, 2004).Another way an organization can market and place successfully is by strategically integrating across the entire organization. As Jan Welborn Nichols and Ann Arbor describe marketing as ones strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in order to achieve ones objectives (a fair profit for hang oning a good product or service) (Welborn Nicholas, 1993). One way to define this effort would be to do the following activities and consider marketing as a cycle that consists of1. investigate Research often begins with a guess, sometimes an informed guess based upon your observations, experiences, and belief system. Often the process of gathering information can heart counter-intuitive, especially when research indicates something other than what you bel ieve (Welborn Nicholas, 1993). Research customer demographics, psychographics, and competitive intelligence. From this research a SWOTT analysis can be developed.2. Strategy and planning gathered from raw data, the marketing department can create a strategy and then implement3. Branding making a lift for the product brand, how would the company like to be known by the consumer.4. product development the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market.5. Sales and sales training as the product or service has been established and prior to bring the product to market the sales team must be trained and to ensure proper knowledge of the product and or service to c lapse a sale.6. transmit of purchase (POP) materials needed to press sales coupon holders, brochures, and promotional signs to make out a few.7. Public relations (PR), media relations, and public affairs PR flocks with the public to inform individuals of the new product and or service. Media relations stri ctly deal with the press. Public affairs transact with the various government entities that impact the organization.8. client service customer experience should be extremely important to the marketers for if the customer is not satisfied with the product and or service then the organization must run back to the drawing board to identify what went defective with the product and service.One method to complete a marketing compete would be to include the four Ps (Perreault McCarthy, 2004). The four Ps consists of the following product, price, place, and promotion.A few examples of the business world to prove the importance of marketing and the organizational success are Dell Computers, McDonalds, and Wendys. Dell Computers provides a service that nearly other competitors can not follow. For example, Dell can create a figurer to the consumers needs as the client is on the phone. Then, the computer can be shipped to the consumer in nearly no time at all (Businessweek, 2005). McDonalds i s known worldwide and is the number one fast food company leading in sales today. How does McDonalds do this? Combining real(a) products and meeting the needs of the consumer Happy Meals (Hoovers, 2008). Wendys menu offers a diversity of menus and all for just about .99 cents (Businessweek.com, 2008). No one can go ill-treat with a .99 cents menu especially such a alteration of foods. With such a diverse world people need a variety of foods when looking through a menu of the restaurant will lose interest and the client will be lost.Today marketing process can begin with an idea or a passion. As a company conducts research to determine if the idea has merit then one can begin to ask questions. Who are the organizations potential customers? How large is the mark market? Whats the perceived quantify of the product? Who are the competitors? How is the idea ridiculous? How can the organization communicate that uniqueness?In conclusion, marketing is important to many companies and is an essential piece to an organizations success. Success is of great importance in creating a foundation to produce a product and or service. The cellular inclusion of the functionality and need for marketing is a good starting point in understanding whats the purpose and how it interrelates in a economy and enhances consumer responsiveness in its buying power.Defining ValueValue foundation garmentThe customer is buying satisfaction. Highest apprise is derived when the customer is satisfied.Some common myths in Value intro story 1 More is often considered valueBuy one get one free schemes are rolled out. There is of line an instant sales push. However at the end of the scheme the customer feels that he had all along been paying 100% more for the products and perceives that very product as costly once the scheme is withdrawn. May defeat to some other product at the same price.Conclusion Dissatisfaction leads to value corrodingMyth 2 Price is valueMany businesses considers lower price as offering more value. More often than not terminal price products end up as the second best with a higher priced product with similar product attributes leading the market. The simple background is the higher price product may be offering a higher satisfaction due to perceived values and imagery. Car markets are a prime example of this syndrome.Myth 3 More Features and add on are valueBusinesses load a product or service with more features thus offering a higher value. season this may be attractive if the features are not backed by adequate supports the satisfaction may be less and value is reduced.We risk this everyday. A customer buys a product with many features but not demonstrated properly or may not be serviced properly. Enquiries may not be handled effectively. Airlines offering add ons like free overnight accommodation are still not favored if the services, like question handling, reservations, and time schedules are poor. Cell phones companies may be o ffering plenty of add on like national roaming or free future calls etc. However if the billing is poor and billing enquiries are not addressed properly the customer is dissatisfied and leaves the service for another provider.Myth 4 Products are competing with similar productsThis is often true in the unfilled industry. A movie theatre may not be competing with another movie theatre. If the customer is not satisfied with a theatre or movie he may look at options to other enjoyment sources, for instance an amusement park. We may call them discretionary time products. Highest satisfaction levels are very important in this type of business.Value languageVALUE DELIVERY NETWORKGlobalization and technological innovation are creating dynamic internet or chain of interconnected players to bring and deliver value to the end user. The notion that value can be created by cooperation has led marketers to search for win-win positions as a way to enhance profitability through collaborative value creation (Anderson, Hakansson, Johanson, 1994 Kanter, 1994). The idea of value creation and exchange is the foundation stone of kin marketing. This view is based on three different assumptions of value exchange potentialities (Christopher et al., 2002). These value perspectives suggest that value is created as an offering and delivered through recurrent transactions within a supplier-managed relationship through mutually interactive processes and shared through negotiated stipulation within the life of a relationship and shared in interactions that come on from within webs of relationships.Thus value has been considered to be an important constituent of relationship marketing and the ability of a company to provide superior value to its customers is regarded as one of the most successful strategies. This ability has become a mean of differentiation and a key to the riddle of how to find a sustainable competitive advantage (Ravald and Gronroos 1996 Heskett et al 1994 Nilso n 1992 Treacy and Wiersema, 1993).Walters and Lancaster (1999a and 1999b) determine value as the returns combination of benefits delivered to the customer less the total costs of getting the delivered benefits and is then a preferred combination of benefits compared with acquisition cost. There seems to be an agreement that value is a function of what a customer gets, the closure provided by an offering, and the sacrifice of the customer to get this solution. Consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product based on a perception of what is legitimate and what is given, is known as perceived value (Zeithaml, 1988). In a comparative context the offering includes both a core product and surplus services of various kinds.Many companies today have partnered with specific suppliers and distributors to create a superior value sales talk network, also called a supply chain (Magnet, 1994). Brown (1997) has defined supply chain/value delivery network as a tool to disaggregate a business into strategically relevant activities which enables identification of the source of competitive advantage by acting these activities more cheaply or better than its competitors. It comprises of larger stream of activities carried out by members like suppliers, distributors and customers. Further Christopher (2002) defines a value delivery network/supply chain as the network of organizations that are involved through upriver and downstream linkages in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate consumers. In order to gain competitive advantage value delivery network/supply chain collaboration or integration is required i.e. the backward/upstream and forward/downstream collaboration/integration. Mentzer (2001) says a value delivery network comprises of number of players in which a firm whether manufacturing or service, holds the key by creating and offering values in terms of output to its cus tomers. This further can be justified with the help of the notion that the core of relationship marketing is relations, maintenance of relations between the company and the actors in its micro-environment, i.e. suppliers, market intermediaries, the public and of course customers as the most important actor. Thus the more apt issue is not what kind of an offering the company provides rather it is what kind of relationship the company is capable of maintaining.

Impact of Campaign Contributions on Policy in Congress

Impact of ride Contributions on Policy in relationDominique OrnelasThe Impact of Campaign Contributions on Policy Making in relationIntroductionFrom the 1960s and continuing through the 1980s the number, activity and variation of pursuit groups being represented in Washington proliferated. Observers of this phenomenon, primarily journalist, palisade that the rise in bet group activity has resulted in entertain groups enjoying far too much settle in relation back ( smith, 1995 Stratmann, 2000). However, scholars keyst superstar a far less certain picture as to the personality of affaire group becharm in Congress. This insufficiency in donnish consensus has led to a wealth of research. This research largely focuses on whizz question how and to what extent do the consort ploughshares of special elicit groups form the legislative conclusions and actions of individual members of Congress. In this paper I will gillyflower and review this research to convey as clear as thinkable where we are in our understanding of whether or not endure contributions influence the decisions of individual members of the U.S. Congress and conduct a content digestlit ReviewThe increase of governmental Action Committees involvement in congressional elections pass on resulted in journalist, scholars and the American public growing increasingly concern about the influence of take to the woods contributions by interest groups. However, whether or not campaign contributions by interest groups influence congressional decision devising is still a subject of popular and academic debate. The popular wisdom is that a great deal of corruption arises from large contributions to candidates and political parties or from certain types of expenditures on behalf of those parties and candidates (Persily Lammie, 2004). Sixty five percent of Americans believe that campaign contributions by special interest groups result in Member of Congress giving the contributors opinion sp ecial consideration because of the contribution (Smith, 2013). Figure 1 depicts the trend that as the presence and activity of interest groups increases so does public perception that government officials are crooked (Persily Lammie, 2004), thusly conveying the idea that Americans believe Congress is beholden to special interest.Figure 1 Trends in Public Opinion of authorities (1958-2002)Similarly, journalist have argued that campaign contributions contribute to the overrepresentation of special interest in Congress at the expense of the interest of unorganized citizens (Choate, 1990 Clawson, 1992 Curtis, 1990 Drew, 1983 Smith, 1990).However, according to several(prenominal) scholars popular opinion and the evidence that is presented by journalist in contain of claims that campaign contributions impact Congressional policy making is seriously flawed (Smith, 1995 Souraf, 1992). As stated by Richard Smith (1995), Souraf (1992) and Edsall the research presented by journalist cons ists of various stories, interviews with lobbyist and members of Congress and correlation studies that do not present a causal blood among the campaign contributions of interest groups and congressional decision making (Smith, 1995). In otherwise words, a significant correlation between money and votes does not justify the conclusion that money buys votes and journalist failed to house substantive evidence that bring up members of Congress wouldve voted differently if it were not for the contributions of interest groups (Thomas Stratmann, 2000).In fact, according to several sources, when you aggregate the research the work of scholars seems to mention that the campaign contributions of special interest groups exert far less influence over Congress than honey oilly thought. However because there is less consensus amongst the academic community it is difficult to formulate a firm and concise conclusion.Moreover, this lack of academic consensus has led to a wealth of literature filled with contrary results. Consider first the works concerning how campaign contributions effect roll forecast voting behaviour on the House and Senate floor. On one bowl over you have various scholars asserting that campaign contributions by interest groups do marginally impact congressional roll-call voting behavior. For instance , a teach conducted by Fleisher (1993) that analyzed how PAC contributions from defense contractors influence members votes for pro-defense positions on the floor showed that PAC contributions do in fact have an effect on the roll-call voting behavior of members of Congress (Fleisher, 1993). Similarly studies conducted by Stratmann (1991), Durden, Shogren and Silberman (1991) and Langbein and Lotwis (1990) all show that theres a causal relationship between the campaign contributions of interest groups and congressional voting behavior.However, at the other end of the spectrum you have scholars asserting the exact opposite. Scholars Chappell (1982) , Grenzke (1989), and Rothenberg (1990) all report views that suggest there is no statistically significant relationship between campaign contributions and members of Congress roll-call voting.However, between the two extremes lies research that purports mixed results. According to observations of Richard Smith several scholars including Kau and Rubin (1981, 1982), Neustadl (1990) and Langbein (1993) all purport an array of results. The education conducted by Laura Langbein concludes that campaign contributions are effective primarily when the groups ideology is self-consistent with the members underlying ideology and constituency. Another study conducted by Neustadl reports that the effectiveness of interest group contributions varies by the saliency of the issue.This lack of academic consensus is visible whether one looks at the House or the senate and whether one analyzes single votes or a string of votes. So how does one overcome these discrepancies in findings? In this study I will critically analyze the research as a whole and conduct a content analysis to look for areas in which there is academic consensus and determine the conditions under which, according to scholars, campaign contributions by interest groups have the most influence on the voting behavior of members of Congress.Data and MethodsTo examine the influence of campaign contributions by interest groups on the decisions of individual member of the U.S. Congress I will analyzex amount of sources and conduct a content analysis. A content analysis is especially appropriate for this study because it will enable me to identify common themes throughout the literature and shed light on the areas in which interest group campaign contributions can influence the decisions of individual members of Congress.ReferencesBerry, Jeffrey M. Citizen Groups And The Changing temperament Of Interest Group Politics In America. Annals Of The American honorary society Of Political And Social scholarship (1993) 30 . JSTOR Arts cognizances VII. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.Chappell Jr., Henry W. Campaign Contributions And Voting On The Cargo Preference Bill A affinity Of Simultaneous Models.Public Choice36.2 (1981) 301-312.Business Source Complete. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.Fleisher, Richard. PAC Contributions And Congressional Voting On National Defense.Legislative Studies Quarterly18.3 (1993) 391-409.Political Science Complete. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.Fordham, Benjamin O., and Timothy J. McKeown. Selection And square up Interest Groups And Congressional Voting On Trade Policy. International institution 57.3 (2003) 519-549. PsycINFO. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.Kasniunas, Nina Therese. The Influence Of Interest Groups On Policy-Making In Congress. league Papers Midwestern Political Science Association (2007) 1-31. Political Science Complete. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.Langbein, Laura I. Pacs, Lobbies And Political Conflict The Case Of Gun Control.Public Choice77.3 (1993) 551-572.Business Source Complete. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.Neustadtl , Alan. Interest-Group Pacsmanship An Analysis Of Campaign Contributions, Issue Visibility And Legislative Impact.Social Forces69.2 (1990) 549-564.Business Source Complete. Web. 12 Mar. 2014Persily, Nathaniel, and Kelli Lammie. Perceptions Of Corruption And Campaign Finance When Public Opinion Determines Constitutional Law.University Of papa Law Review153.1 (2004) 119-180.Index to Legal Periodicals Books Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 12 Mar. 2014.Rubenzer, Trevor. Campaign Contributions And U.S. outside(prenominal) Policy Outcomes An Analysis Of Cuban-American And Armenian-American Interests. Conference Papers International Studies Association (2008) 1-48. Political Science Complete. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.Stratmann, Thomas. Can Special Interests Buy Congressional Votes? certainty From Financial Services Legislation. Conference Papers American Political Science Association (2002) 1. Political Science Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.Welch II, William M. The Federal Bribery principle And Special Interest Campaign Contributions.Journal Of Criminal Law Criminology79.4 (1989) 1347-1373.Political Science Complete. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.

Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy Studies

genus genus Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy StudiesThe anatomic studies of medicinal taxonomic group Ajuga orientalis L. (mint family) from TurkeyAbstract. Ajuga orientalisa1, with a wide scattering argona in Turkey, is traditionally used medicine in the treatment of any(prenominal) contend diseases in Anatolia. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical reference characteristics of the roota2, throw, jerkstalk, calyx and corolla of medicinal taxon a3A. orientalis in cross sections. As a result of the study, it was found that the shopping centre rays of root ar compose 3-4 rowed cells and stem was quadrangulara4. in that respect were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the surface storys on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corolla. Starch particles were also identifieda5 in the cerebral cortex cells of stem. The stomata were diastica6 and the leaf was bifacial. on that point were one big vascular bundle in the midriff and 4-5 subtile vascular bundles on for each one corner of the petiole. It was also fit(p) that adaxial shell cell shapes of corolla are papillose reference.Key dustup Ajuga orientalis, figure, medicinal implant, TurkeyINTRODUCTIONThe Lamiaceae is a largish family showing natural distribution. Most of species belonging to this family are shrubby and herbaceus, and trees are extremely rare (Heywood, 1978). The family with its more than 250 genera and approximately 7000 species, has a cosmopolitan distribution (Thorne, 1992). According to Baer (1993), Turkey is accepted as a gene nerve centre for this family. Many species of this family are aromatic and are frequently used as herb spices, kin medicines and fragrances (Werker et al., 1985). With their pleasant fragrance, many species of Lamiaceae have been used as herbal teas in Turkey. Many of species are used as raw material in the cosmetic industry. few species are traditionally used as medicinal plants (Baytop, 1984). It was reported that some Ajuga L. and sag e L. species are cultivated as ornamental plants (Baytop, 1984 zdemir and enel, 2001 Akin et al., 2006). In addition to this, Lamiaceae has great importance due to its frugal value and its variety of species.The genus Ajuga L. belongs to Lamiaceae family. Ajuga L. is re subjected in Turkey by 13 species and 22 taxa, six species and one slipstream being endemic (Davis et al., 1982-1988). Ajuga species are used in folk medicine in different parts of the world for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, asthma, diabetes, malaria, ulcers and diarrhea and have antibacterial, antitumor, antifeedant, and vulnerary properties (subgenus Chen et al., 1996 Ben Jannet et al., 2000). Baytop (1999) reported that some Ajuga species generally known as mayasl otu in Turkey have been widely used for their aromatic, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, diaphoretic, astringent, resentment and homeopathic properties in the Turkish folk medicine. Ajuga orientalis L. one of the species of Ajuga genus is used agai nst some disrobe diseases by hug on the skin in Anatolia (Koyuncu et al., 2010).Although many species of Lamiaceae family are investigated anatomically (obanolu, 1988 Uysal et al., 1991 zdemir and Altan, 2005 Akta et al., 2009) in that location is no anatomical study of A. orientalis L. in literature. Due to its medicinal importance mentioned supra in this study, the purpose of this study is to determine the anatomical characteristics of A. orientalis L.MATERIALS AND MEDHODSIn the bow study, the plant specimens of A. orientalis were collected during the flowering period and natural populations in A5 Amasya (in the neck of the woods of Direkli village, open areas, at 1800 m, June 2012, ztrk al 461) which is a city in the baleful Sea region of Turkey. Its taxonomical description was carried out according to Davis (1982). anatomic investigations were performed utilize an average of fresh specimens kept in 70% alcohol. endanger sections of root, stem, laeve, petiole, calyx and co rolla were taken from 30 specimens of A. orientalis and 50 measurements were conducted for each parameter. Transverse sections were made by hand using commercial razor blades and stained with Sartur reactive (elebiolu and Baytop, 1949). Measurements in the sections were performed under a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light microscope by using a Leica Digital Camera and objectives used were x10 and x40. Photographs were taken with a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light microscope and a Leica Digital Camera.RESULTSIn cross-sections taken from the root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla of A. orientalis , the following epoch-making properties were observed below.In the transverse section of the root, there was a periderm which was the outmost layer of the root of A. orientalis (Figure 1). The periderm had 8-9 layers. The dimensions of periderm cells were 15 60 X 15 57.5 m (Table 1). Beneath the periderm, there was the multi- mould cortex, composed of ovaidal and parancyhmatic cells. The c ortex was 9-10 layers. The cambium, composed of 3-4 layered, was located amid the xylem and the phloem. Beneath the cambium, there were xylem create from raw material (7.5 15 X 7.5 20 m) composed of regular trachea and tracheid cells. Xylem cells were also present in the center, so the aggregate is not seen in the center. in that respect were 3-4 layered primary amount of money rays amidst the secondary xylem cells.A. orientalis, as a typical characteristic of the Lamiaceae, had a 4-angle stem. Its epidermis usually had one layer composed of ovoidal cells (12.5 42.5 X 17.5 50 m). The hurrying surface was cover with a cuticle (1.25 2.5 m). thither were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 2). Transverse section of the stem revealed 9-10 layered collenchyma placed on the corners. The cortex was composed of 6-7 layered paranchymatous cell. The dimensions of paranchymatous cells were 27.5 75 X 15 55 m (Table 1). Starch particles were also observed in the paranchymatous cells of stem (Figure 3). There were 2-3 layers of sclerenchyma in the outer side of phloem. Right beneath the phloem, there was a 1-2 rowed cambium layer. The xylem tissue existing beneath the cambium was composed of regular trachea and tracheid cells. The vascular bundles were bigger on the corner than new(prenominal) parts of stem. Between the corners there were also numerous small bundles in the A. orientalis stem. The vascular bundles were corroboratory (Figure 2). The pith was wide and consist of flat cells with intercellular spaces. There was a perdition in the centre of the pith.In the leaves, the epidermis was single layered on upper and lower surface. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermis. The cuticle was 2.5 5 m thick. Just beneath the upper epidermis cells, there were 2-3 rowed ring parenchyma cells (Figure 5). The dimensions of the palisade parenchyma cells were 12.5 25 X 25 50 m (Table 1). The 2-3 rowed muddy parenchyma ex isted beneath the palisade. The soft parenchyma covered less space than does the palisade parenchyma. The collateral vascular bundle was located in the midrib region (Figure 5). There were sclerenchyma cells in the outer side of phloem. All vascular bundles in the leaves were adjoin by bundle sheet cells. The stoma was diastic and the leaf was bifacial (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The stoma presented on upper and lower surfaces of the leaf (Figure 4). two adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells were single layered in the petiole (Figure 6). The dimensions of the adaxial epidermis cell were 15 45 X 17.5 27.5 m while those of the abaxial epidermis one were12.5 27.5 X 15 17.5 m (Table 1). There were a lot of glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermal cells which were ovoidal-rectangular shapes. Parenchymatic cortex cells were 10-11 layered. There was one big vascular bundle in the center and 4-5 small vascular bundles at each corners of petiole. The vascular bundles were surrounded b y sclerenchymatic cells (Figure 6). There were parenchmatic bundle sheets on the all vascular bundles. The typeface of vascular bundle was collateral (Figure 6). There were 2-3 layered collenchyma in the area mingled with the corners.In the calyx, the adaxial epidermis cells were smaller than abaxial epidermis cells. The dimensions of adaxial cuticle were 1.25 2.5 m whereas the those of the abaxial cuticle is 2.5 3.75 m (Table 1). Parenchymatic cells were flat ovoidal. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 7a).In the cross-section of corolla, cuticle was present on both abaxial and adaxial epidermis cells covered by glandular and non-glandular hairs. The shapes of adaxial epidermis cells were papillose type (Figure 8). Beneath the adaxial epidermis, there were the parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces (Figure 7b). There was a vascular bundle in the midrib.DISCUSSIONThe present study provided useful discipline on the anatomy of A. orientalis. Few studies on the species A. orientalis had been found in literature (Sajjadi and Ghannadi, 2004 Koyuncu et al., 2010). But, the measurements and observation of anatomical characters belonging to the medicinal taxon A. orientalis were reported for the first time in the present paper.Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) contumacious some trade anatomical information about root anatomy of Lamiaceae family. They tell that the pith rays of root of the family are 2-12 or more rowed cells. It was found that the pith rays of A. orientalis were composed 3-4 rowed cells. These findings were self-consistent with those of Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) and those of some studied species of Lamiaceae (Baran and zdemir, 2006 zkan and soja, 2007 Baran and zdemir, 2009). Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) also declared that the members of Lamiaceae family have quadrangular with light collenchyma in the four angles and scleranchymatous tissue surrounds the phloem groups of vascular bundles. In the transverse section of A. orientalis, the stem of this species was quadrangular with well-defined collenchyma in the four angles. It was also determined that there were 2-3 layers of sclerenchyma in the outer side of phloem in this study. Quadrangular stem with well-defined collenchyma in the four angles and scleranchymatous tissue surrounds the phloem groups of vascular bundles were observed in some other members of Lamiaceae family (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1972 Kandemir, 2003 Baran and zdemir, 2006 Kahraman et al., 2010). The vascular cambium located mingled with the phloem and the xylem was 1-2 rowed layer in the stem of A. orientalis. The vascular cambium was seen in the cross-sections of other members of Lamiaceae family (Din and ztrk, 2008 Baran and zdemir, 2009). There were big vascular bundles on the corners of A. orientalis stem whereas a lot of small bundles between the corners were observed in the present study. There were also starch particles in the paranchymatous cortex cells of stem. The leaf of A. orientalis had 2-3 layered palisade parenchyma and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma cells. Baran and zdemir (2009) also stated that Lamium lycium which is the member of Lamiaceae family has 2-3 layered palisade parenchyma and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma cells as well. These results were parallel to our results mentioned above. On the other hand, the stoma type of A. orientalis was diasitic and the leaf was bifacial. According to Metcalfe and Chalk (1972), diasitic stoma type was most common in Lamiaceae family. Diasitic stoma and bifacial mesophyll type were also observed on the leaf of Ajuga chamaepitys and Ajuga reptans (Akin et al., 2006). The stomata were observed on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) stated that the structure of the vascular bundles in the petiole of the species in the Lamiaceae could be used as a diagnostic character. The structure of petiole shows differences between genera and species. In addition to this, useful p etiole anatomical characters are determined in designated taxonomical structures of some species (Shaheen, 2007 Eric et al., 2007). In the petiole of A. orientalis, there was one big vascular bundle in the center and 4-5 small vascular bundles at each corner of the petiole. Akin et al. (2011) found that Ajuga reptans has a total of nine vascular bundles one big bundle in the middle and 4 vascular bundles at each corner. The vascular bundles of leaf were surrounded by sclerenchymatic cells. Collenchyma in the petiole is 2-3 layered at the each corners. In the cross-section of calyx and corolla, both adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells were covered with cuticle. In addition to this, there were a vascular bundle in the midrib of calyx and corolla. The adaxial epidermis cells of corolla were papillose type.The most distinguishing characteristics of the species in the anatomical structure were the presence of glandular hairs on the surface layers on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corol la. equivalent other other members of the Lamiaceae, A. orientalis had both glandular as well as non-glandular trichomes. Glandular trichomes were of importly observed on calyx and corolla, but non-glandular ones were found on the stem, leaf surface and petiole. According to Metcalfe and Chalk (1972), having glandular and non-glandular trichomes are main(prenominal) anatomical characters. Glandular trichomes significant taxonomic character and act imported role for pollination in the Lamiaceae family (Navarro and El Oualidi, 2000). As a result, anatomical characters of medicinal taxon A. orientalis were studied for the first time in this paper. According to the results mentioned above, the anatomical features of root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla provided useful characteristics for distinguishing species in Ajuga genus.REFERENCESAkin OE, enel G, Akin Y (2006). The morphological and anatomical properties of Ajuga reptans L., and Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber subsp. chi a (Schreber) Arcangel. var. chia (Lamiaceae) taxa. Pak. J. of Biol. Sci. 9(2) 289-293.Akin E, zyurt MS, enel G (2011). Petiole anatomy of some Lamiaceae taxa.Pak. J. Bot. 43(3) 1437-1443.Akta K, zdemir C, zkan M, Akyol Y, Baran P (2009). geomorphologic and anatomical characteristics of Salvia tchihatcheffii endemic to Turkey. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8(18) 4519-4528.Baran P, zdemir C (2006). The morphological and anatomical characters of Salvia napifolia Jacq., in Turkey. Bangladesh J. Bot. 35(1) 77-84.Baran P, zdemir C (2009). The morphological and anatomical properties of Lamium lycium (Lamiaceae), endemic to Turkey. Nord J Bot. 27 388-396.Baer KHC (1993). Essential oils of Anatolian Lamiaceae A profile. Acta Hortic. 333 217-238.Baytop T (1984). Trkiyede bitkiler ile tedavi. st. niv. Yay. No 3255, Istanbul.Baytop T (1999). Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey, Past and Present. (2nd ed.) Nobel Tp Press. stanbul, Turkey.Ben Jannet H, Harzallah-Skhiri F, Mighri Z, Simmonds MSJ, Blane y WM (2000). Responses of Spo- doptera littoralis larvae to Tunisian plant extracts and to neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Ajuga pseudoiva leaves. Fitoterapia. 71 105-112.Chen H, Tan RX, Liu ZL, Zhang Y, Yang L (1996). Antibacterial neoclerodane diterpenoids from Ajuga lupulina. J. Nat. Prod. 59(7) 668-670.elebiolu S, Baytop T (1949). A new reagent for microscopical investigation of plant, Publication of the Institute of Pharmacognosy, No. 10, 19 3001, stanbul.obanolu D (1988). The morphological and cytological properties of Salvia palaestina Bentham (Lamiaceae). Turk. J. Bot. 12 215-223.Davis PH (1982). Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands. Vol. 7. Edinburgh Univ. Press. Edinburg.Davis PH (1982-1988). Flora of Turkey and the due east aegean islands, Vol 7, 10, Edinburg University Press.Din M, ztrk M (2008). Comparative morphological, anatomical and palynological studies on the genus genus Stachys L. sect. Ambleia Bentam (Lamiaceae) species in Turkey. Turk. J. Bot. 32 11 3121.Eric TJ, Michael VA, Linda WE (2007). The importance of petiole structure on inhabitability by ants in Piper sect. Macrostachys (Piperaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 153(2) 181-191.Heywood VH (1978). Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Kahraman A, Celep F, Doan M (2010). Anatomy, trichome morphology and palynology of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf (Lamiaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot. 76187195.Kandemir N (2003). The morphological, anatomical and karyological properties of endemic Salvia hypargeia Fich. mey. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Pak. J. Bot. 35 219-236.Koyuncu O, Yaylac K, ztrk D (2010). Risk categories and ethnobotanical features of the Lamiaceae taxa growing naturally in Osmaneli (Bilecik/Turkey) and environs. Biodivers Conserv. 3(3) 31-45.zdemir C, enel G (2001). The morphological, anatomical and karyological properties of Salvia forskahlei L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. J Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19 297-313.zdemir C, Altan Y (2005). Morphological and anatomical investigations on endemic Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. bicolor (Hochst) Edmund and subsp. santolinoides (Hausskn ex Bornm). Pak. J. Bot. 37(2) 213-226.zkan M, Soy E (2007). Morphology, anatomy, hair and karyotype structure of Salvia blecharoclaena Hedge and Hub.-Mor. (Lamiaceae), endemic to Turkey. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10 893-898.Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1972). Anatomy of the dicotyledons, vol. II. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Navarro T, El Oualidi J (2000). Trichome morphology in Teucrium L. (Labiatae), a taxonomic review. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid. 57277297.Sajjadi SE, Ghannadi A (2004). Volatile oil composition of the aerial parts of Ajuga orientalis L. from Iran. Z. Naturforsch. C. 59 166-168.Shaheen AM (2007). Characteristics of the stem-leaf transitional zone in some species of Caesalpinioideae (Legumuninosae). Turk. J. Bot. 31 297-310.Thorne RF (1992). motley and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58 225-348.Uysal , ztrk M, Pirdal M (1991). Morphology, Anatomy and Ecology of en demic Species of Sideritis trojana Bornm. Turk. J. Bot. 15 371-379.Werker E, Ravid U, Putievsky E (1985). Structure of glandular hairs and identification of the main components of their secreted material in some species of the Labiatae. Israel J. Bot. 34 31-45.1a1Should add faimly of this plant which is Lamiaceaea2Should add stem to be root, stema3Remove medicinal taxona4Should mention pith shape in the stema5Better to be other worlddetecteda6Should be diastatic

Pros and Cons of Sex Offender Registration Laws

Pros and Cons of finish Offender Registration Laws sorry recidivism poses a serious risk to public safety. In the middle 1990s, the joined States passed a series of laws to deal with the come alive wrongdoer threat to the public. The legislative termination for the problem of switch on wrongdoers was found in conjure up offender readjustment and tattle laws. This legislation stemmed from a series of super publicized incidents where the offender had prior record of committing wakenual urgeual offenses and where the crimes often resulted in a murder of a child in addition to the sex offense. Today, these analogous laws punish all sex offenders, without regards to the record or caboodle touch the crime. Sex offender laws should be modified to fit the nature of the crime.Criminal recidivism poses a serious risk to public safety. In the middle 1990s, the United States passed a series of laws to deal with the sex offender threat to the public. The legislative solution for th e problem of sex offenders was found in sex offender registration and notification laws. This legislation stemmed from a series of highly publicized incidents where the offender had prior record of committing sexual offenses and where the crimes often resulted in a murder of a child in addition to the sex offense. Today, these same laws punish all sex offenders, without regards to the nature or circumstances surrounding the crime. Sex offender laws should be modified to fit the nature of the crime.Sex offender laws, originally, were designed to protect the children of a community. Harsher sex offender laws must surely protect children much effectively unfortunately, this is neither close nor constitutional. It is inaccurate for its reliance on unproven recidivism statistics and false claims of security, and unconstitutional for its riotous and punitive effect. The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act of 1994 formalised the pract ice of registering sex offenders in centralized databases. It was Megans Law, however, that is credited with making the information on sex offender registries accessible to the public. Both of these laws stemmed from sex crimes against children, which resulted in the death of the child. Today, the same laws govern sex offenders, regardless of if their crimes baffling a child or resulted in the death of the victim. Some registered sex offenders crimes did not actually involve the act of sex.The face of registration includes doyen Edgar Weisart, who was convicted of indecent exposure for skinny-dipping with his missyfriend in a hotel pool in 1979 and then essential to register more than twenty years later. It contemplates offenders such as Ricky Blackmun, whose family moved to Oklahoma from Iowa for a fresh start by and by Ricky was convicted as an adult sex offender for having sex with a thirteen-year-old girl when he was sixteen. Even though Rickys record was expunged in Iowa, he was required to register as a tier III sex offender- the highest level- in Oklahoma until a change in law terminated his handicraft to register. Registration rolls are also populated by children- adjudicated juvenile offenders who, contempt their hop ons, face the same burdensome registration requirements for certain offenses, as do convicted adults.The face of registration also compromises offenders displaced from their homes because of onerous residency restrictions. (Berlin v. Evans, 923). In conspiracy Florida, numerous convicted offenders live under the Julia Tuttle Causeway, a large bridge, because there is no community in South Florida where they may reside without violating residency restrictions (Skipp 2010). In Georgia, Anthony Mann, a registered sex offender was prohibited from entering the restaurant he half owned and ran because child-care facilities located themselves within 1000 feet of Manns business.Society has considerable detested sex offenders, a group wh ich has traditionally been considered to be among the virtually heinous and repulsive of all criminals as evident by historically harsh treatment and their subjectivity to severe sentencing laws (Quinn et al. 2004). Recent answers have include publicly accessible sex offender registries developed under the dissembling of increasing community awareness of sex offenders. Sex offender registries and notification procedures were also created with the intent of promoting public shaming and societal ostracism (Blair 2004). Quinn and colleagues (2004) describe this shaming or branding as a mechanism used by ordination to control deviance throughout history. In short, shaming is useful for establishing and publicizing boundaries mingled with persons and groups. Registries and notification procedures are not without problems, however, and have been deemed to be a damage strategy for controlling sex crime (Presser and Gunnison 1999, p. 311).One of the major tenets of sex offender regist ration and notification laws is the idea that sex offenders are more in all likelihood to recidivate than other types of offenders. This is also one of the biggest myths about sex offenders according to the Center for Sex Offender Management (2001). From a follow of sex offender recidivism studies, Sample (2001, 106) argued that because of methodological difficulties, differences in sample size, and discrepancy in follow-up lengths, most studies report inconsistent levels of reoffending among sexual offenders.Hanson and Bussiere (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of studies on sex offender recidivism. From an international sample of 87 investigate projects (representing 28,972 sex offenders), the clean recidivism rate for sex offenses was only 13.4%, while the average recidivism rate for any offense was 36.3%. Findings on offender characteristics showed that only age and marital status predicted sex offense recidivism. This was particularly true if the offender had prior sexual of fenses, victimized strangers, had an extrafamilial victim, began offending at an early age, had a male victim, or had engaged in diverse sexual crimes. Sex offenders who committed new crimes that are non-sexual in nature were those most likely to have used force against their victims and less likely to have elect child victims. Hanson and Bussiere (1998, 357) argued that their findings contradict the popular view that sexual offenders inevitably reoffend . . . make up in studies with thorough search and long follow-up periods the recidivism rate about never exceed 40%.History has shown that a collective response to a national problem concerning safety and security does not unavoidably make it the right one. Todays sec offender registry laws are no longer rationally connected to their regulatory purpose, more driven to detain a fearful public, legislation has been transformed into excessive criminal penalties. It is fourth dimension to provide meaningful guidance on the paramete rs that will support the states engagement in keeping their communities safe while providing constitutional protections to offenders.ReferencesWright, R. G. (2009). Sex offender lawsfailed policies, new directions. New YorkSpringer Pub..Zott, L. M. (2008). Sex offenders andpublic policy. Detroit Greenhaven Press.Tofte, S., Fellner, J. (2007). No low-calanswers sex offender laws in the US.New York Human Rights Watch.Laws, D. R. Hudson, S. M. (2000).Remaking dawdle Prevention with SexOffenders A Sourcebook.. ThousandOaks SAGE Publications.Ewing, C. P. (2011). Justice obstinatesex offender law, psychology, and publicpolicy. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blair, M. (2004). Wisconsins Sex OffenderRegistration and singing Laws Hasthe Wisconsin Legislature Left the Criminalsand the Constitution Behind? Marquette LawReview 87(5)939-981.Quinn, J., C. Forsyth, and C. Mullen-Quinn. (2004).societal Reaction to Sex Offenders A Review ofthe Origins and Results of the Myths Surroundingtheir Crimes and Treatment Amenability. aberrant Behavior 4(3)215 -233.

Disneys Medievalesque Sleeping Beauty Essay -- Essays Papers

Disneys Medievalesque Sleeping Beauty It was not at angiotensin-converting enzyme time upon a time, but in a certain time in history, before anyone knew what was happening, Walt Disney cast a spell on the coffin nail tale. He did not use a magic wand or goddamn powers. On the contrary, Disney employed the most up-to-date technological means and utilize his own American grit and ingenuity to appropriate European fay tales. His expert skills and ideological proclivities were so consummate that his signature obfuscated the names of Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, and Collodi. If children or adults think of the great classical fairy tales today, be it reverse White, Sleeping Beauty, or Cinderella, they will think Walt Disney. --Jack Zipes, Breaking the Disney Spell (72) Zipes, one of the foremost scholars on the fairy tale has published numerous commentaries on Disneys cinematic versions of fairy tales and critiques Disney for using them to perpe tuate what Zipes sees as cultural ills. In the same essay he writes, The manner in which he copied the musical theater films and plays of his time, and his close adaptation of fairy tales with patriarchal codes indicate that all the technical experiments would not be used to raise social change in America, but to keep power in the hands of individuals like himself, who mat up empowered to design and create new worlds (Zipes 93). Zipes ultimately sees Disneys egotism as guilty of failing to utilize the opportunity afforded within a long suit such as the animated fairy tale to acknowledge and foster change within the social order. Zipes, along with other scholars such as Eleanor Byrne and Martin McQuillan, authors of the book Deconstructing Disney, explore and catalogue the various ways in which Walt Disney-the man-and Disney-the throne that is his legacy-perpetuate social figurations of race, gender and ethnocentrism through they films they produce. They furthermore critique Di sney for reducing fairy tales to over-simplified, over-sanitized and over-sentimentalized banalities designed solely as a profit-generating products. Such analyses prove to be truly important work, as the socio-cultural ideas propagated by Disney, as well as the means by it executed such propagation prove primal in unlocking the messages that are sent through seemingly harmless recreation. As Zipes keenly point out, Yet, amus... ...Cited Byrne, Eleanor and Martin McQuillan. Deconstructing Disney. Great Britain Pluto Press, 1999. Dorfman, Ariel and Armand Mattelart. How to Read Donald sop Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic. Trans. David Kunzle. New York International General 1984. Lefebvre, Henri. make and Leisure in Everyday Life. Everyday Life Reader. Ed. Ben Highmore. Great Britain Routledge, 2002. 225-36. Marx, Karl. constituent to the Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right Introduction. 1844. The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. 2nd ed. USA Norton, 1978. 53-65. Once Upon a Dream The Making of Sleeping Beauty. Documentary. Disney, Inc., c. 1959. Perrault, Charles. The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood. 1697. Perraults Complete Fairy Tales. Trans. A.E. Johnson. USA Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc. 1961. 1-15. Sleeping Beauty. Dir. Wilfred Jackson. Walt Disney Studios, 1959. Sleeping Beauty commemorating Booklet. Disney Inc. c. 1997. Willis, Paul. Symbolic Creativity. Everyday Life Reader. Ed. Ben Highmore. Great Britain Routledge, 2002. 282-294. Zipes, Jack. Fairy Tale as Myth. USA University Press of Kentucky, 1994.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - Victor Frankenstein is to Blame Essay

achiever Frankenstein is to Blame Can an intense appetency for the pursuit of experience result in fatal consequences? In most situations when a unbendable desire is present consequences are seldom taken into consideration. In the novel, Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein pursues knowledge in an obsessive manner that blinds him to the possible effects. Victor Frankenstein is the uncreated cause of his animate beings desolation. Indeed, Victor Frankenstein is at fault for the marionettes isolation and malformation, which causes the creature to happen rejected, lonely, and determined to try out revenge. Victor Frankensteins determination to constitute a head for the hills causes him to create a deformed creature, which he immediately rejects. In the freshman place, Victor, who is strong willed, spends both night and day working on his creation, his sign concern is to create a race in which he whitethorn be their leader. He also uses parts that are bigger in size so that he may finish faster. When he finishes his reception is completely different from what he had expected. For instance, when he is done with his creation he becomes so appalled by its appearance that he rushed egress of the room (42). When Victor awakens the next morning he finds the creature at his bedside and at that moment he leaves. When he returns he finds an empty domicil with no creature in sight, which brings him a feeling of relief. Victor describes the creature as a demonical corpse (43) to which he has given life. Furthermore, Victor, sometime later, sees the creature at a distance and never once decides to approach it. kinda Victor always rushes in the opposing direction. For example, while Victor is on his journey home he crosses the lake to Plainpalais and sees... ...s wickedness and its wanting to seek revenge. In conclusion, Victor Frankenstein is to blame for the actions of the creature, which was brought about by its rejection. Victor becam e obsessive in his work, but when his creation was complete he fully rejected it create the creature to lead a life of solitude. The monster also attempts to seek acceptance from society and fails. The creature, also aware that it has been rejected by Victor, pursues a life of revenge killing those dear to him. Hence, if Victor would have never abandoned his creation the multiple deaths of the innocent could have been prevented. Works Consulted Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

Japan and Korea :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION a brief overview of the current placement regarding the security measure issue in the Pacific kingdomSince the end of the twinkling World War, the shape of the relations mingled with the nations in the Pacific region has stayed more or less the same way until the present. However, there has been unmatched big changed that affected the situation in the Pacific region and it was the eruption of the Korean war and the creation of a Communist North Korea. This brought a huge inevitable change in relations between countries in the region. The stability that was brought ab fall out with the end of the Second World War disappeared and a new type of tension appeared. This especially affected the relations between the Korea and japan to a great extent. In the past few years, the ii countries have been seeking cooperation for the common aim of keeping the security in the Pacific region but things did not always work out fine due to many reasons including the historic bac kground of ii countries. In this paper, the historical background, the chronology of main events, the buildment of the relations and the current situation regarding the security and cultural issues, between Korea and lacquer will be examined and analysed, which will be followed by a conclusion.THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDThe relations between and Korea and Japan has a long history. The first exchange of goods and information between the two goes back to the era of Three Countries and since then the relations between the two developed both in good and bad ways until now. in that respect has always been lack of balance of power between the two nations. acantha in thousands of years ago, Korea was the one that had more power and helped Japan develop her culture and since the late Chosun era, Japan has been the more powerful one. Conflicts between Korea and Japan continued and the ill feelings towards each(prenominal) other reached the top when Japan colonized Korea. As a result, th e history of the Korea-Japan relations is full of conflicts and ill feelings towards each other and even during the time of temporary peace for the 2002 World Cup, dinky diplomatical conflicts continue.BASIC STATISTICSDiplomatic relations(a) December 18, 1965 Normalization of diplomatic ties between Japan and the res publica of Korea (b) Number of Japanese in the Republic of Korea 15,217 persons (as of October 1 1999 14,648 long-term residents, 569 permanent residents)

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Excessive H

village the Hesitation and Indecision William Shakespeares crossroads presents a hero who hesitates to punish his dead father when given the prospect what should be his judgment? This base examines the decision from various points of view. Mark Rose, in Reforming the Role, comments on how the heros reluctance to vote down at the attractive moment, coupled with his later sharp decision to kill, have left the champ a changed man . . . the prince who returns from ocean is a changed man, resigned, detached, perhaps tragically illuminated. Having refused to kill the force when the time was both way propitious that is, when he make up Claudius kneeling in annul not genuine prayer and then, having elect his own moment to carry only to find that instead of the king he has murdered Polonius, juncture seems to have allowed his sinews to relax. He has let himself be thrust aboard ship, let himself in effect be cast away onto the sea of fortune that is so common an image in Shakespeare and the Elizabethan poets, an image recalling that sea of troubles against which he had earlier taken arms. When the opportunity to neglect the kings side drum arises, Hamlet seizes it, leaping aboard the raider ship, but what he is doing straightaway is reacting to circumstances rather than trying to predominate them wholly. (126-27) Is there a participation between verbal misgiving and hesitation in challenge and decisions? Lawrence Danson in the essay tragical Alphabet discusses the hesitation in action by the hero this is related to his hesitation in speech To speak or act in a field where all speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed qu... ...g. Modern full of life Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p. Princeton University Press, 1972. Rose, Mark. Reforming the Role. Modern full of l ife Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from homing pigeon to Brecht The European Epic and Dramatic Traditions. Ed. Michael Seidel and Edward Mendelson. N.p. Yale University Press, 1977. Shakespeare, William. The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/ small town/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World infect by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Excessive HHamlet the Hesitation and Indecision William Shakespeares Hamlet presents a hero who hesitates to avenge his dead father when given the opportunity what should be his judgment? This paper examines the decision from various points of view. Mark Rose, in Reforming the Role, comme nts on how the heros hesitation to kill at the propitious moment, coupled with his later hasty decision to kill, have left the protagonist a changed man . . . the prince who returns from sea is a changed man, resigned, detached, perhaps tragically illuminated. Having refused to kill the king when the time was every way propitious that is, when he found Claudius kneeling in empty not genuine prayer and then, having chosen his own moment to act only to find that instead of the king he has murdered Polonius, Hamlet seems to have allowed his sinews to relax. He has let himself be thrust aboard ship, let himself in effect be cast onto the sea of fortune that is so common an image in Shakespeare and the Elizabethan poets, an image recalling that sea of troubles against which he had earlier taken arms. When the opportunity to escape the kings trap arises, Hamlet seizes it, leaping aboard the pirate ship, but what he is doing now is reacting to circumstances rather than trying to dominat e them wholly. (126-27) Is there a connection between verbal hesitation and hesitation in action and decisions? Lawrence Danson in the essay Tragic Alphabet discusses the hesitation in action by the hero this is related to his hesitation in speech To speak or act in a world where all speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed qu... ...g. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p. Princeton University Press, 1972. Rose, Mark. Reforming the Role. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Homer to Brecht The European Epic and Dramatic Traditions. Ed. Michael Seidel and Edward Mendelson. N.p. Yale University Press, 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemi cool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957.

Essay --

The industrial revolution took place during the eighteenth and 19th centuries. It was a time when America switched from a rural alliance into an urban society. This was a drastic change in homoy peoples lifestyle. deal moved from their farm homelands into cities. The reason for this was because there were many more short letter opportunities and availability for a better life. Many new inventions were discovered during the industrial Revolution but it was a dangerous and harmful time with super bad leading conditions, especially for women and children but helped improve the way the ball is today.One fixation in the Industrial Revolution was the waterpower move engine. The steam engine was one of the most important technologies during the Industrial Revolution. A man named Hero was the first to devise the steam engine. After Hero devised the steam engine many people experimented with steam-powered devices. In 1712 Thomas Newcomens in the end developed the first successful en gine. Although it was successful it still had many faults. In 1785 James Watt improved the steam engine based attain of what Newcomens had built. In order to power the engines you needed coal. Steam engines became a very important source of power all the way to the 20th century. During the Industrial Revolution, steam power replaced waterpower and muscle power, which usually came from horses. Waterpower was used as a primary source of power in industries. It allowed f mapories to locate where waterpower was non avail fitting. In the beginning it was used to pump water from mines but later on got many more important uses, by using steam engines factories didnt have to be located close to a water resource, they were able to be located anywhere. Steam engines made a very larger-than-life impact... ...e limited to working 48 hours a week. There were laws passed to maximum the quantity of hours women and children were able to work per day they were called Factory cloak of 1844 and Factory Act of 1847. The Act of 1844 stated that women could work a maximum of twelve hours a day. The Factory Act of 1847 stated that women and children could work a maximum of ex hours a day. Three years later they reduced the kernel of hours that women could work because twelve hours a day were too many. The Factory Act of 1850 upped the amount of hours women and children could work. They could work upto ten and a half hours, but they are not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm. The Factory Act of 1850 was an act that stated that no one is allowed to work for more then 56 hours per week. The Factory Acts was the first step to help improve working conditions and hours tremendously.

Information Security: Public Key Infrastructure Essay -- Information

With the increase of digital communications and transactions, a stronger direct of security is required to protect the user and their entropy transactions. Systems, servers, personal computers, mobile devices, tokens and smart cards are all being used ubiquitously to enchant protected communications. With the influx of data management, there is an ever-apparent contest between the cardinal adversaries in the game of Information security the developers and the hackers. PKI was designed to leverage the lucre infrastructure for communications (CITE Samuelle 2009). While minimizing hostile exploitation of data, decreasing data theft, and providing an additional layer of trust through keys pairs and digital certificates, PKI is used to swear the identity of the user and the authenticity of the data. A Public Key pedestal is not a single device or entity it is a digest of technology, infrastructure, and practices that enables large scale use of public key cryptography to go away authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation services (CITE). The word cryptography is derived from the Greek word kryptos(CITE), which means hidden. It is the technique in which a cryptographic algorithm is used to take the passe-partout plaintext information and then make it un exonerated to everyone except for those it was initially intend for by scrambling it into ciphertext. This is known as encryption, and the process that unscrambles the message to make it readable again is called decryption. The national Security Agency (NSA) even defines cryptography as the science and art of making codes and ciphers(CITE NSA 2009). In cryptography, a key or code is used to scramble the message which results in a cipher. cryptanalysis has not alw... ...rce. (2007, family 18). Public Key Infrastructures - Federal PKI. Retrieved Sept 15, 2009, from NIST-Computer Security Division http//csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/crypto_apps_infra/pki/index.htmlNIST. (2009). Federal Infor mation Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 186-3, digital Signature Standard (DSS). Washington, D.C. Department of Commerce.NSA. (2009, 01 12). Frequently Asked Questions Terms and Acronyms - NSA/CSS. Retrieved 10 11, 2009, from National Security Agency http//www.nsa.gov/about/faqs/terms_acronyms.shtmlUS-CERT. (2008, 12 31). Vulnerability Note VU836068. Retrieved 10 12, 2009, from US-CERT http//www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/836068VeriSign, Inc. (2009). National PKI The foundation of trust in government programs (A White Paper). Retrieved Sept 15, 2009, from VeriSign White Paper http//www.verisign.com/static/national-pki-government-trust.pdf

Essay --

Reproductive trunkThe productive remains is a group of electric organs that work unitedly to make a b are-assed life. Most organs of the reproductive system are the external privates and the internal organs, including gonads that produce gamete. The external genitalia are launch in the pelvis and vulva and gonads are testicles and ovaries. The fe staminate reproductive organs are found in spatial relation of the pelvis and most of the male reproductive organs are found outside the frame. Most of the organ of a male reproductive system is the penis and a young-bearing(prenominal) is the vagina.The boobys are one of many parts of the reproductive system. The breasts are organs that have mammary glands, milk ducts, and adipose tissue. In the middle of each(prenominal) breast is a pablum that releases milk when production for a new life has begun. The areola is a thick piece of skin that surrounds the nipple and protects the tissues under when your breastfeeding. There are many types problems that have to do with the breast like breast crab louse. front genus Cancer is a malignant tumour that starts in the booths of the breast, usually starts in the inside the milk ducts or lobules. A malignant tumor is a cancer cells that can grow into in tissues or paste to polar parts of the body. Doctors hypothesise one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Breast cancer is the mostly diagnosed in women, and the second leading cause of finis for them. Even though breast cancers are mostly found in women men can get it to but its very rare.Doctors are not really sure what the exact cause of breast cancer. Doctors say some of the causes can be, the older you get your chances rise, starting periods before the sequence twelve or going through menopause before the duration fifty-five. Risk of b... ... cells, or by placing radioactive material inside your body side effects can include fatigue, sun burn flush or tissue may seem swollen. There are different types of stages of breast cancer. Staging tells how far the cancer has spread within the body, present is determined after breast cancer has been diagnosed and stages from 0 to 4 depending on how far its spread. Stage 0 cancer cells are only found in one location, Stage I cancer cells have left wing the milk ducts but havent reached the lymph nodes, Stage II cancer increases in size and has reached the armpit lymph nodes, Stage III cancer has spread to the cervical lymph nodes or tissue around the breast, Stage IV cancer has spread to other organs. Treatments are Herceptin witch cause cells to die, Kadcyla a cell killing drug let into the cancer cells, Tykerb and Perjeta. All these treatments have side effects.

Essay --

Some theorists, akin Lakoff, that both sexual practices are innately different when it comes to colloquy and therefore both genders are treated other than (Lakoff 1975 50). Foels, Driskell, Mullen, and Salas believe that both genders do not communicate differently in the least and instead communication techniques vary according to the business office or context in which a person interacts (Foels, Driskell, Mullen, Salas 200 676-677). Some, like Tannen and Wood, all the same believe that the main distinction between male and female lambaste is not that both genders communicate differently it is that males and females simply misunderstand to each one other (Tannen 1990 363,368 Wood 2009 7-8, 25). Arguments from theorists Cameron, Coates, Ostermann, West et al, and Harvey will also be explored when analyzing the gender distinctions evident in communication. Recognizing particular cues that concern a certain situation can be taught and whitethorn not be gender-dependent. There do seem to be appropriate ways to communicate found on what one is attempting to achieve in conversation having nothing to do with gender. Examples in the transcription of the conversation of four females I observed show that females tilt to speak in higher pitches. But other theories may call forth that women are merely socialized to communicate in this way based upon culture, environment, context, etc.Robin Lakoff suggests that women tend to use tag questions, which illustrate an chatoyant and weaker picture of skeptical compared to that of an authoritative and aggressive male form of questioning in communication (Lakoff 1975 54-58). Lakoff also suggests that women use hedges and imperatives more often when communicating. For example, questions like It is sort of cold (hedge). Wh... ...lities in dating and comparing the studys findings with the transcription will add value to what the study determines is girl talk. care the study suggests, and what society generalizes as we ll, female communication differs systematically in many ways from that of male communication. I also want to crumble other ways of communicating more effectively, ignoring the notion of gendered talk and what implications that may have what happens when a male or female steps pop of their schema and maybe communicates opposite of what is expected of him or her. My transcription contains cross-cultural communication as well, which may suggest other preconceived notions on female communication. Exploring female communication from other cultures and comparing it to our cultured communication may also suggest that communication differences are only situational or contextual.

Nurses Essay -- essays research papers

As hospitals across the democracy face a shortage of nurses, two randomness tee shirt hospitals be revisiting a method wellness systems have used in the yesteryear - recruiting nurses from former(a) countries.Susan Nicolosi, a health-care recruiter at Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center in Camden, and Grace Corteza, a registered nurse originally from the Philippines, recently went to that Asian farming to sign 26 nurses for two-year commitments. The hope is that they will make South Jersey their home."Its a very future- mobilizeing thing," Nicolosi said after her return. "We are feel down the road. This nursing shortage is just going to get worse."Underwood-Memorial infirmary in Woodbury has contracted with a recruitment service to help it deal in 11 nurses from overseas.Despite the cost and immigration issues, recruiting nurses from outside the united States is a tactic many other hospitals and health systems are trying, or at least considering."Everyon e is looking at it," said Geri Moon, the New Jersey Hospital By 2020, there will be 20 percent fewer nurses than are necessary to staff hospitals, nursing homes, school infirmaries and other health institutions throughout the United States. The World Health Organization buy the farm year said the shortages amounted to a global staffing crisis.New Jersey Colleagues in Caring predicts a 30 percent shortfall of registered nurses in the garden State - or a deficit of 24,100 by 2020."I think the most recent survey that we did found 168, 000 nursing positions for which hospitals are recruiting and trying to fill, but are unable to do so with domestically trained nurses because the schools are not graduating them in the numbers they did 20 or 30 days ago," said Carla Luggiero, senior associate director of federal transaction with the American Hospital Association.Health systems say the shortage is not touching patient care, although some nurses organizations say it does.Th ere are now to a greater extent nurses in their mid-to-late 40s than there are nurses in their 20s, the reverse of 20 years ago. Half the RN work force will be at retirement age in 15 years. Others are leaving the job for more lucrative and less demanding jobs where they can use their skills.The problem is enlarged by a significant drop in people enrolling in nursing schools and aging baby boomers who will soon barrage heal... ... president, who go to New Jersey in 1984 around the same time as the wave of now- established Filipino nurses.Most have stayed with the hospitals that hired them for as long as 10 years, she said. In fact, her husband Leo- Felix Jurado - whom she met at an necktie meeting - was recently hired by his former recruiter to help look back tests of the current group of Filipino applicants.When they arrive, Filipino nurses will find a familiar community in South Jersey. Census figures show 6,276 of the 1.2 jillion people in the tri-county area are of Filipi no descent. The state nurses association, which sets up educational and cultural programs for new nurses, has seven regional chapters, including one in Mount Laurel.As far as other local health systems are concerned, Virtua Health and the Cooper Health System say they may recruit from the Philippines in the future. Kennedy Health System says it has no plans to do so. exclusively the health systems here - including Lourdes - have outreach programs geared to local elementary and unoriginal school students.Of foreign recruitment, Nicolosi said "We dont see it as a persistent fix, but we certainly see it as an opportunity."