Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy Studies

genus genus Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy StudiesThe anatomic studies of medicinal taxonomic group Ajuga orientalis L. (mint family) from TurkeyAbstract. Ajuga orientalisa1, with a wide scattering argona in Turkey, is traditionally used medicine in the treatment of any(prenominal) contend diseases in Anatolia. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical reference characteristics of the roota2, throw, jerkstalk, calyx and corolla of medicinal taxon a3A. orientalis in cross sections. As a result of the study, it was found that the shopping centre rays of root ar compose 3-4 rowed cells and stem was quadrangulara4. in that respect were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the surface storys on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corolla. Starch particles were also identifieda5 in the cerebral cortex cells of stem. The stomata were diastica6 and the leaf was bifacial. on that point were one big vascular bundle in the midriff and 4-5 subtile vascular bundles on for each one corner of the petiole. It was also fit(p) that adaxial shell cell shapes of corolla are papillose reference.Key dustup Ajuga orientalis, figure, medicinal implant, TurkeyINTRODUCTIONThe Lamiaceae is a largish family showing natural distribution. Most of species belonging to this family are shrubby and herbaceus, and trees are extremely rare (Heywood, 1978). The family with its more than 250 genera and approximately 7000 species, has a cosmopolitan distribution (Thorne, 1992). According to Baer (1993), Turkey is accepted as a gene nerve centre for this family. Many species of this family are aromatic and are frequently used as herb spices, kin medicines and fragrances (Werker et al., 1985). With their pleasant fragrance, many species of Lamiaceae have been used as herbal teas in Turkey. Many of species are used as raw material in the cosmetic industry. few species are traditionally used as medicinal plants (Baytop, 1984). It was reported that some Ajuga L. and sag e L. species are cultivated as ornamental plants (Baytop, 1984 zdemir and enel, 2001 Akin et al., 2006). In addition to this, Lamiaceae has great importance due to its frugal value and its variety of species.The genus Ajuga L. belongs to Lamiaceae family. Ajuga L. is re subjected in Turkey by 13 species and 22 taxa, six species and one slipstream being endemic (Davis et al., 1982-1988). Ajuga species are used in folk medicine in different parts of the world for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, asthma, diabetes, malaria, ulcers and diarrhea and have antibacterial, antitumor, antifeedant, and vulnerary properties (subgenus Chen et al., 1996 Ben Jannet et al., 2000). Baytop (1999) reported that some Ajuga species generally known as mayasl otu in Turkey have been widely used for their aromatic, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, diaphoretic, astringent, resentment and homeopathic properties in the Turkish folk medicine. Ajuga orientalis L. one of the species of Ajuga genus is used agai nst some disrobe diseases by hug on the skin in Anatolia (Koyuncu et al., 2010).Although many species of Lamiaceae family are investigated anatomically (obanolu, 1988 Uysal et al., 1991 zdemir and Altan, 2005 Akta et al., 2009) in that location is no anatomical study of A. orientalis L. in literature. Due to its medicinal importance mentioned supra in this study, the purpose of this study is to determine the anatomical characteristics of A. orientalis L.MATERIALS AND MEDHODSIn the bow study, the plant specimens of A. orientalis were collected during the flowering period and natural populations in A5 Amasya (in the neck of the woods of Direkli village, open areas, at 1800 m, June 2012, ztrk al 461) which is a city in the baleful Sea region of Turkey. Its taxonomical description was carried out according to Davis (1982). anatomic investigations were performed utilize an average of fresh specimens kept in 70% alcohol. endanger sections of root, stem, laeve, petiole, calyx and co rolla were taken from 30 specimens of A. orientalis and 50 measurements were conducted for each parameter. Transverse sections were made by hand using commercial razor blades and stained with Sartur reactive (elebiolu and Baytop, 1949). Measurements in the sections were performed under a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light microscope by using a Leica Digital Camera and objectives used were x10 and x40. Photographs were taken with a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light microscope and a Leica Digital Camera.RESULTSIn cross-sections taken from the root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla of A. orientalis , the following epoch-making properties were observed below.In the transverse section of the root, there was a periderm which was the outmost layer of the root of A. orientalis (Figure 1). The periderm had 8-9 layers. The dimensions of periderm cells were 15 60 X 15 57.5 m (Table 1). Beneath the periderm, there was the multi- mould cortex, composed of ovaidal and parancyhmatic cells. The c ortex was 9-10 layers. The cambium, composed of 3-4 layered, was located amid the xylem and the phloem. Beneath the cambium, there were xylem create from raw material (7.5 15 X 7.5 20 m) composed of regular trachea and tracheid cells. Xylem cells were also present in the center, so the aggregate is not seen in the center. in that respect were 3-4 layered primary amount of money rays amidst the secondary xylem cells.A. orientalis, as a typical characteristic of the Lamiaceae, had a 4-angle stem. Its epidermis usually had one layer composed of ovoidal cells (12.5 42.5 X 17.5 50 m). The hurrying surface was cover with a cuticle (1.25 2.5 m). thither were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 2). Transverse section of the stem revealed 9-10 layered collenchyma placed on the corners. The cortex was composed of 6-7 layered paranchymatous cell. The dimensions of paranchymatous cells were 27.5 75 X 15 55 m (Table 1). Starch particles were also observed in the paranchymatous cells of stem (Figure 3). There were 2-3 layers of sclerenchyma in the outer side of phloem. Right beneath the phloem, there was a 1-2 rowed cambium layer. The xylem tissue existing beneath the cambium was composed of regular trachea and tracheid cells. The vascular bundles were bigger on the corner than new(prenominal) parts of stem. Between the corners there were also numerous small bundles in the A. orientalis stem. The vascular bundles were corroboratory (Figure 2). The pith was wide and consist of flat cells with intercellular spaces. There was a perdition in the centre of the pith.In the leaves, the epidermis was single layered on upper and lower surface. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermis. The cuticle was 2.5 5 m thick. Just beneath the upper epidermis cells, there were 2-3 rowed ring parenchyma cells (Figure 5). The dimensions of the palisade parenchyma cells were 12.5 25 X 25 50 m (Table 1). The 2-3 rowed muddy parenchyma ex isted beneath the palisade. The soft parenchyma covered less space than does the palisade parenchyma. The collateral vascular bundle was located in the midrib region (Figure 5). There were sclerenchyma cells in the outer side of phloem. All vascular bundles in the leaves were adjoin by bundle sheet cells. The stoma was diastic and the leaf was bifacial (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The stoma presented on upper and lower surfaces of the leaf (Figure 4). two adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells were single layered in the petiole (Figure 6). The dimensions of the adaxial epidermis cell were 15 45 X 17.5 27.5 m while those of the abaxial epidermis one were12.5 27.5 X 15 17.5 m (Table 1). There were a lot of glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermal cells which were ovoidal-rectangular shapes. Parenchymatic cortex cells were 10-11 layered. There was one big vascular bundle in the center and 4-5 small vascular bundles at each corners of petiole. The vascular bundles were surrounded b y sclerenchymatic cells (Figure 6). There were parenchmatic bundle sheets on the all vascular bundles. The typeface of vascular bundle was collateral (Figure 6). There were 2-3 layered collenchyma in the area mingled with the corners.In the calyx, the adaxial epidermis cells were smaller than abaxial epidermis cells. The dimensions of adaxial cuticle were 1.25 2.5 m whereas the those of the abaxial cuticle is 2.5 3.75 m (Table 1). Parenchymatic cells were flat ovoidal. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 7a).In the cross-section of corolla, cuticle was present on both abaxial and adaxial epidermis cells covered by glandular and non-glandular hairs. The shapes of adaxial epidermis cells were papillose type (Figure 8). Beneath the adaxial epidermis, there were the parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces (Figure 7b). There was a vascular bundle in the midrib.DISCUSSIONThe present study provided useful discipline on the anatomy of A. orientalis. Few studies on the species A. orientalis had been found in literature (Sajjadi and Ghannadi, 2004 Koyuncu et al., 2010). But, the measurements and observation of anatomical characters belonging to the medicinal taxon A. orientalis were reported for the first time in the present paper.Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) contumacious some trade anatomical information about root anatomy of Lamiaceae family. They tell that the pith rays of root of the family are 2-12 or more rowed cells. It was found that the pith rays of A. orientalis were composed 3-4 rowed cells. These findings were self-consistent with those of Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) and those of some studied species of Lamiaceae (Baran and zdemir, 2006 zkan and soja, 2007 Baran and zdemir, 2009). Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) also declared that the members of Lamiaceae family have quadrangular with light collenchyma in the four angles and scleranchymatous tissue surrounds the phloem groups of vascular bundles. In the transverse section of A. orientalis, the stem of this species was quadrangular with well-defined collenchyma in the four angles. It was also determined that there were 2-3 layers of sclerenchyma in the outer side of phloem in this study. Quadrangular stem with well-defined collenchyma in the four angles and scleranchymatous tissue surrounds the phloem groups of vascular bundles were observed in some other members of Lamiaceae family (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1972 Kandemir, 2003 Baran and zdemir, 2006 Kahraman et al., 2010). The vascular cambium located mingled with the phloem and the xylem was 1-2 rowed layer in the stem of A. orientalis. The vascular cambium was seen in the cross-sections of other members of Lamiaceae family (Din and ztrk, 2008 Baran and zdemir, 2009). There were big vascular bundles on the corners of A. orientalis stem whereas a lot of small bundles between the corners were observed in the present study. There were also starch particles in the paranchymatous cortex cells of stem. The leaf of A. orientalis had 2-3 layered palisade parenchyma and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma cells. Baran and zdemir (2009) also stated that Lamium lycium which is the member of Lamiaceae family has 2-3 layered palisade parenchyma and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma cells as well. These results were parallel to our results mentioned above. On the other hand, the stoma type of A. orientalis was diasitic and the leaf was bifacial. According to Metcalfe and Chalk (1972), diasitic stoma type was most common in Lamiaceae family. Diasitic stoma and bifacial mesophyll type were also observed on the leaf of Ajuga chamaepitys and Ajuga reptans (Akin et al., 2006). The stomata were observed on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) stated that the structure of the vascular bundles in the petiole of the species in the Lamiaceae could be used as a diagnostic character. The structure of petiole shows differences between genera and species. In addition to this, useful p etiole anatomical characters are determined in designated taxonomical structures of some species (Shaheen, 2007 Eric et al., 2007). In the petiole of A. orientalis, there was one big vascular bundle in the center and 4-5 small vascular bundles at each corner of the petiole. Akin et al. (2011) found that Ajuga reptans has a total of nine vascular bundles one big bundle in the middle and 4 vascular bundles at each corner. The vascular bundles of leaf were surrounded by sclerenchymatic cells. Collenchyma in the petiole is 2-3 layered at the each corners. In the cross-section of calyx and corolla, both adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells were covered with cuticle. In addition to this, there were a vascular bundle in the midrib of calyx and corolla. The adaxial epidermis cells of corolla were papillose type.The most distinguishing characteristics of the species in the anatomical structure were the presence of glandular hairs on the surface layers on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corol la. equivalent other other members of the Lamiaceae, A. orientalis had both glandular as well as non-glandular trichomes. Glandular trichomes were of importly observed on calyx and corolla, but non-glandular ones were found on the stem, leaf surface and petiole. According to Metcalfe and Chalk (1972), having glandular and non-glandular trichomes are main(prenominal) anatomical characters. Glandular trichomes significant taxonomic character and act imported role for pollination in the Lamiaceae family (Navarro and El Oualidi, 2000). As a result, anatomical characters of medicinal taxon A. orientalis were studied for the first time in this paper. 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