Salespeople Motivation Essay -- Human Resources

Introductiongross revenuepeople be often internally driven and self-motivated (Srivastava and Rangarajan, 2008), and are increasingly becoming consultants who sell value-added services (Smith and Rupp, 2003). Nowadays more industrial companies utilize sales engineers (SE) and therefore they represent an emerge class of fellowship workers on sales (Darr, 2002). I will first discuss my experience in Festo, ahead briefly addressing some theories about motivation, related to it. Was there a mismatch between theory and business as I knew it? If so, I will try to identify it and to explain why Festos incentives failed with me. Finally, I will suggest how Festo should have motivated its SE, based on the theory discussed.What is a SE? Although having studied engineering, I have mostly worked as a salesperson. Thus, I can ask what is a SE? A salesperson with a strong technical knowledge on the field he/she is selling. Furthermore, a SE could be defined as a technical-consultant salesper son or a knowledge worker (Darr, 2002). These ideas in some manner extend Lidstones (1995) definition of a technical salesperson someone who sells industrial products, equipment or highly engineered components, has a major emphasis is his/her technical know-how but are often worried with technical details and tends to forget his/her job is to sell. SE at FestoFesto Argentina had around 20 SE (2007) nationwide (from a hands of 120), half of them farther away than 400 miles from main office. Needless to mention, every SE had a different emotional background (psychological characteristics), engineering field (industrial, electronic, mechanical), and socioeconomic situation (some married, some young and single middle-aged, well-off, working class, etc.... .../2010.Pritchard, R. and Ashwood, E. (2008). Managing motivation a managers guide to diagnosing and improving motivation. New York Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Smith, A. and Rupp, W. (2003). An examination of emerging strategy and sales performance motivation, chaotic change and organizational structure. Marketing & Intelligence Planning, 21/3, pp.156-167.Smyth and Murphy (1969). Compensating and motivating salesmen. New York American Management Association.Srivastava, R. and Rangarajan, D. (2008). apprehension the salespeoples feedback-satisfaction linkage what role does job perceptions play?. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 23/3, pp. 151160.Steers, R. and Porter, L. (1987). Motivation and work behaviour, 4th edition. New York McGraw-Hill Inc.Stewart, G. (1994). Successful Sales Management, 3rd edition. London Pitman Publishing.

Joe Keller as the Tragic Hero in Millers All My Sons Essays -- Arthur

Joe Keller as the Tragic Hero in Millers All My Sons antiquated Greek tragedies were almost always about a protagonist with a tragical flaw. This flaw dictates the stories events and leads to theeventual downfall of the protagonist. The stratum cannot end until theprotagonist has gain his flaw and tries to remedy it. This veryoften involves the protagonist dieing in an attempt to make right whatwrongs he may have caused.Arthur Miller has borrowed this idea as a base for his play All MySons. The protagonist of this play is Joe Keller, a sixty-year-oldretired factory owner. The play follows the story of him and hisfamily his wife Kate, his son Chris and Chris fiance Annie in1940s suburban America. The play reveals that Joe committed a crimehe knowingly sent out faulty cylinder heads for use in the war and then blamed his partner, Annies dad, who went to prison instead ofJoe. Kate also knows he did this and is struggling to keep the secret.However, she feels she has to believe he did nt do it or it means thathe would have been responsible for the death of their other son Larry,who they believed died flying planes in the war.Joe is a victim of the American Dream. He wanted to do the best hecould by his family, and in his quest for money, forgot about thegreater scheme of things in the world. This is his major flaw-hecannot see beyond the forty foot line that surrounds himself and hisfamily. He ideates what he is doing will help his family but by makingthe ill-considered decision he makes, he ends up hurting them morethan helping them.At the head start of the play, the audience is not aware of any of Joesmisdeeds. He is portrayed by Miller as a friendly man, who is a pillar... ...rcharacters think of Joe, and also what he is thinking himself, withoutthe plot being too obvious and being revealed too early. The way thatMiller uses these dramatic devices to piece together the story slowlymakes for a very effective tension builder, which will keep theaudience capti vated throughout.Miller makes it easy for the audience to identify that Joe is a tragichero right from the start. As soon as the audience is aware that Joeis keeping a secret is it obvious that he has committed an offence,which he is passage to suffer for. Miller then shows the audience Joessuffering, mostly through dialogue he has with the other characters.He then uses mostly stage directions to allow the audience know how theplay has finished, which is a very effective way to show his suicide,as it is not too brash, and perhaps unsympathetic of the situation.

Fighting Rising College Tuition Costs Essay -- Education Policy

Declining state support, educational race for top rankings, uneven financial aid, or economy downfall there are reasons all across the board as to why the cost of college tuition is getting out of hand. Envision a senior girl whose heart had been educate on her dream college for years. An elite, honorable college where everyone seems to want to go. She has been telling her parents from an early age she was going to one day be a member. While on a consult to the college in late fall of her senior year, she fell in love with the beautiful campus which seemed to spread for miles. The advisers and professors she met with were polite and unquestionably convincing. Her favorite part of the visit was seeing how happy all of the current students seemed to look with their college decision. Overall, she believed she had found her home for the next four years. She went home excited to tell her parents the good news. This is where the excitement short ended. 35,000 dollars a year w as the outrageous sticker price for her dream college. Her parents said there was no way possible they could ever afford to send her. bust started flooding down her face her dreams were crushed. Now what was she going to do? Where was she going to go? Although this story has been made up, similar situations like these are arising much and more often. College tuition has reached an all time high with the economy in its current standings, there needs to be solutions so every young adult has an couple opportunity to go to college. No one disputes the importance of a college education in todays job market. Society has taken on a much higher demand for the well educated. With this being a growing trend, why does it seem colleges are trying to make gettin... ...ons need to be complete if results are to be seen in the pocketbooks of every young adult looking for an equal opportunity to go to college.Works CitedBarack Obama and Joe Biden Making College Affordable For Everyone. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.Berman, Talia. assimilator Debt Crisis Are There Any Solutions? WireTap. 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.Block, Sandra. Rising costs make climb to higher education steeper. USA TODAY. 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.Dickeson, Robert. hit COURSE Rising college costs threaten Americas future and require shared solutions. Lumina Foundation for Education. 2004. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.Ehrenberg, Ronald. Tuition Rising Why College cost so Much. Cornell University. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.Rising College Costs. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.What is a 529? Web. 6 Dec. 2010.What It Costs to Go to College. Web. 6 Dec. 2010.

Nuclear Energy :: Essays Papers

Nuclear Energy It seems that the world as a whole is in face of an energy ejaculate that is cleaner, cheaper, and more efficient. This seems to be particularly true in the United States where the government seeks to separate themselves from their reliance on petroleum from countries including those in the in-between East. Their agenda, unfortunately, is less concerned with environmental issues than it is with issues of power, money, and dominance. Either way, nuclear energy has emerged as the forerunner for alternative energy sources. Today, there are 109 nuclear power plants in the United States which contribute roughly 20% of the power used in the United States(Nuclear Energy, April 13, 2005). Nuclear fission is performed by fusion of hydrogen into helium. This is done development uranium, plutonium, or thorium and placing them in the reactor, which start a chain reaction that can produce vast add ups of energy. Uranium is the element primarily used in reactors. The fission of a single atom can produce 10 million times the amount of energy that an atom can produce that is burn from burn. Uranium is an abundant element which is easily found and extracted. It often has to undergo a relatively cheap refining process, however, as the isotopes are found fuse in nature. Nuclear fission is also relatively clean, as there is no excess CO2 produced, as there is in the burning of coal and petroleum. It does, however, have is pollutants. The filtering rods used have to be changed every two years and the old rods disposed of. Because the rods are highly radioactive, their disposal must be dealt with meticulously. shortly most of the rods are shipped to Yucca Mountain (The Bane of Nuclear Energy, April 13, 2005). Despite the benefits of nuclear fission, the quest still continues for an even better energy source. The hopes of the new energy source are pinned on a process known as nuclear fusion. This is the process t hat takes place on the sun and other stars under intense shake up and pressure. The hope is that nuclear fusion will become a reality here on earth as it will provide an unprecedented amount of energy very cheaply and with very little pollution.

Charles Schwab :: Business Essays

Charles SchwabSince opening in 1974 Charles Schwab became a advantageouslyhead known name in households. The upstandings main goal was to differentiate and honor their customers with available research. In 1997 Charles Schwab exceeded in altering his marketing environment to improve the business as well as customer satisfaction, value and retention. By put outing the online trading option Schwab was able to lure customers in with an exceptional value proposition as well as a value delivered system unknown to investors. By placing the decision making and the convenience of trading in the customers hands, Schwab made this renovation exciting and cost effective to customers, thus making many investors satisfied Schwab customers.Schwab also created customer value. Analyzing the firms success I noticed that Schwab delivers with child(p) quality in service. Schwab provides customers service online as well as in his branches. This service includes technical support as well as enthro nement tips and investment education information for all existing clients as well as future clients. Schwab also established a Value- Delivered Networks with many companies which offer customer discounts and promotions. They offer promotions and discounts such as reduced traveling trips, good mortgage rates, and free airlines tickets.Schwab attracts its customers by advertising on a level of encouragement. In the beginning Charles Schwab advertisements consisted of realistic Schwab customers and employees. Later on, Schwab enlisted a celebrity spokesperson to advertise the simplicity and knowledge of online investing and investing principles. These advertisements attracted the average Joe and the average family. Schwab employed financial advisers in their branches who atomic number 18 able to educate, provide trading tips, and advice, along with other services, to customers. Aside from attracting its customers by providing top quality, simple, and reliable online trading service, Schwab retains its customers by keeping them satisfied.In my opinion Charles Schwab efficaciously anticipated the needs of the market. He jumped on the internet craze of this decade and effectively succeeded. By offering Online Trading Charles Schwab attracted new customers, provided

Charles Schwab :: Business Essays

Charles SchwabSince opening in 1974 Charles Schwab became a hearty known name in households. The firmlys main goal was to differentiate and honor their customers with available research. In 1997 Charles Schwab exceeded in altering his marketing environment to improve the business as rise up as customer satisfaction, value and retention. By crackinging the online trading option Schwab was able to lure customers in with an exceptional value proposition as well as a value delivered system unknown to investors. By placing the decision making and the convenience of trading in the customers hands, Schwab made this dish up exciting and cost effective to customers, thus making many investors satisfied Schwab customers.Schwab also created customer value. Analyzing the firms success I noticed that Schwab delivers bully quality in service. Schwab provides customers service online as well as in his branches. This service includes technical support as well as enthronement tips and investm ent education information for all existing clients as well as future clients. Schwab also established a Value- Delivered Networks with many companies which offer customer discounts and promotions. They offer promotions and discounts such as reduced traveling trips, good mortgage rates, and free airlines tickets.Schwab attracts its customers by advertising on a level of encouragement. In the beginning Charles Schwab advertisements consisted of reliable Schwab customers and employees. Later on, Schwab enlisted a celebrity spokesperson to advertise the simplicity and knowledge of online investing and investing principles. These advertisements attracted the average Joe and the average family. Schwab employed financial advisers in their branches who are able to educate, provide trading tips, and advice, along with other services, to customers. Aside from attracting its customers by providing top quality, simple, and reliable online trading service, Schwab retains its customers by keepi ng them satisfied.In my opinion Charles Schwab effectively anticipated the needs of the market. He jumped on the internet craze of this decade and effectively succeeded. By offering Online Trading Charles Schwab attracted new customers, provided

George Zimmerman Essay

There is a continuing racial divide in this country and the Trayvon Martin case illustrates it. I say this because here atomic number 18 the facts in this particular case, George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old white man childs play and killed Trayvon Martin an unarmed 16-year-old black boy, after buying a bag of Skittles and a iced afternoon tea from a local 7-Eleven store as he was returning to his fathers girlfriends apartment inside their gated community. Trayvon Martin was an unarmed, 16-year-old who was killed by a realm watch member as he walked to his fathers home in a gated community.George Zimmerman, the man who admitted to shooting and killing him, was not initially arrested or charged. After nearly 6 weeks and considerable public outcry, prosecutors charged Zimmerman with second-degree murder in the case, which has become a flash diaphragm in the conversations about racial profile and gun laws. February 26, 2012, a 17-year-old Afri bear-American named Trayvon Martin was shot and killed As he reoff from a local 7-Eleven after buying a bag of Skittles and iced tea. by was George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old white man. The shooter admits killing Martin, but claims he was acting in self-defense.After that he was because spotted by Zimmerman while returning to his fathers girlfriends apartment inside their gated community when Zimmerman called 911, explaining that Trayvon, who was wearing a hoodie at the time, a pair of blue jeans, and red/white sneakers, looked curious. Zimmerman then pursued Trayvon even after he was told not to by the 911 dispatcher. When Zimmerman approached Trayvon, the two got into a scuffle, resulting in Trayvon taking a bullet to the chest at point blank range. Here is what everyone should know about the case1.Zimmerman called the police to report Martins suspicious behavior, which he described as just walking slightly looking about. Zimmerman was in his car when he saw Martin walking on the street. He called the police and said The res a real suspicious guy. This guy looks like hes up to no good, on drugs or something. Its raining and hes just walking more or less looking about These a**holes always get away 2. Zimmerman pursued Martin against the explicit instructions of the police dispatcher Dispatcher Are you following him? Zimmerman yeaDispatcher OK, we dont need you to do that. 3. Prior to the release of the 911 tapes, Zimmermans father released a statement claiming at no time did George follow or confront Mr. Martin. 4. Zimmerman was carrying a 9 millimeter handgun. Martin was carrying a bag of Skittles and a can of iced tea. 5. Martin weighed 140 pounds. Zimmerman weighs 250 pounds. 6. Martins English teacher described him as as an A and B student who majored in cheerfulness. 7. Martin had no guilty record. 8. Zimmerman was charged in July 2005 with resisting arrest with violence and battery on an officeholder.The charges appear to establish been dropped. Huffington Post 9. Zimmerman called the police 46 times since Jan. 1, 2011. Miami Herald 10. According to neighbors, Zimmerman was fixated on crime and focused on young, black males. Miami Herald 11. Zimmerman had been the subject of complaints by neighbors in his gated community for aggressive tactical maneuver Huffington Post 12. A police officer corrected a key witness. The officer told the witness, a long-time teacher, it was Zimmerman who cried for help, said the witness.ABC News has spoken to the teacher and she confirmed that the officer corrected her when she said she comprehend the teenager shout for help. ABC News 13. Three witnesses say they heard a boy cry for help before a shot was fired. Three witnesses contacted by The Miami Herald say they saw or heard the moments before and after the Miami Gardens teenagers killing. All three said they heard the last howl for help from a despondent boy. Miami Herald 14. The officer in charge of the crime scene also received criticism in 2010 when he initially failed to arrest a lieutenants son who was videotaped attacking a homeless black man. New York Times15. The police did not test Zimmerman for drugs or alcohol. A law en baronment expert told ABC that Zimmerman sounds intoxicated on the 911 tapes. Drug and alcohol testing is standard procedure in most homicide investigations. ABC News The Martin case had been turned over to the Seminole County State Attorneys Office. Martins family has asked for the FBI to investigate. The Stand your ground law is cover in Florida, by Florida Statute 776. 032 Immunity from criminal pursuit and civil action for justifiable use of force. This law states (1) A soulfulness who uses force as permitted in s. 776. 012, s. 776. 013, or s. 776. 031 is justified in using much(prenominal) force and is immune from criminal prosecution and civil action for the use of such force, unless the person against whom force was used is a law enforcement officer, as define in s. 943. 10(14), who was acting in the performanc e of his or her official duties and the officer identified himself or herself in accordance with any applicable law or the person using force knew or reasonably should move over known that the person was a law enforcement officer.As used in this subsection, the term criminal prosecution includes arresting, detaining in custody, and charging or prosecuting the maintainant. To further understand this law, we essential examine the permitted serving volunteerd under Florida Statutes 776. 012, 776. 013, and 776. 031. Florida Statute 776. 012 Use of force in defense of person states A person is justified in using force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that such remove is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the others imminent use of unlawful force.However, a person is justified in the use of deadly force and does not have a duty to recede if (1) He or she reasonably believes that such force is ne cessary to stay imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony or (2) Under those circumstances permitted pursuant to s. 776. 013. Florida Statute 776. 013 mostly provides circumstances related to residential settings, acts during burglaries, suspected burglaries, and the likes except section (3) of the Florida Statute.Florida Statue 776. 13 section (3) states A person who is not intermeshed in an unlawful activity and who is attacked in any other place where he or she has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony. What these Statutes ultimately provide for George Zimmerman is immunity from prosecution for using deadly force.To further explain, we must first depict the specifics and lack in that respectof contained in these statutes. George Zimmerman claims that he was following Trayvon, lost piling of him and was returning to his vehicle. During the process of returning to his vehicle, Trayvon snuck up behind him, punched him in the face, knocked him to the ground and beat his head to the ground. What the media claims happened, is that Zimmerman chased down Trayvon, attacked him, and shot him due to racial profiling.Now, we must examine the applicability of the Stand your Ground Law in Florida. This law both covers some areas of law and ignores others. For example, both claims regarding how the altercation was initiated- whether Zimmerman chased after Trayvon or Trayvon came up to Zimmerman are inapplicable. Under the Florida statute, neither case really matters. Why? Because under Florida Statute 776. 013 provides both individuals immunity for being at the location. Whether either or was following the other do es not matter because both individuals had a right to be there.What puzzles most individuals and has turned into a media circus of Arrest Him is the fact that no one really knows who attacked who first. According to reports from Robert Zimmerman both Sr. and Jr. , father and brother of George Zimmerman, Trayvon struck George first. Neither man was at the scene when the attack took place, so both were simply relaying information provided by George. If this stands true that George Zimmerman was attacked by Trayvon Martin, the two wrestled on the ground, and George Zimmerman ultimately ended up shooting him, this law protects Zimmerman.Now, what the majority of Americans believe is that George Zimmerman stalked Trayvon Martin. So, we shall apply the Florida Statute for Stalking into this story in order to determine whether or not George Zimmerman was indeed stalking Trayvon Martin. The crime of Stalking is covered under Florida Statute 784. 048 Stalking definitions penalties. I want t o you to recognize this term, used commonly throughout this statute. transmission line of Conduct. Under Florida Statute 784. 48 section (b) Course of Conduct is defined as a pattern of conduct composed of a series of acts over a period of time.Now through this, we can see that this claim of stalking because George Zimmerman is believed to have followed Trayvon does not apply as a series of acts but we shall further analyze what stalking is, with course of conduct applied in the statute. Stalking is defined under Florida Statute 784. 048 section (2) as Any person who willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows, harasses, or cyber stalks another person commits the ffense of stalking, a misdemeanor of the first degree. Now through this, we can clearly see that stalking is not the applicable term that applies to George Zimmerman, thus the act, if at may have been, of following Trayvon is not, by any Florida Statute, an illegal act. Because George Zimmerman was not stalking Trayvo n Martin, does this mean George Zimmerman is innocent? There is no guarantee that George Zimmerman is innocent. Following someone may be viewed as wrong, but by means of legality, it is not a legal act.Ultimately, this will come down to two things. Who struck who first, and if Trayvon struck Zimmerman first, if he genuinely did fear for his life. This is not something we as Americans have the ability to determine. We have not seen any release of a medical record, but yet everyone says George Zimmerman is guilty and demand to be punished. So, if applicable, this law demonstrates that George Zimmerman was not in the wrong for following Trayvon and ultimately if it is a crime it is to be determined by who hit first and if there was a reasonable fear to justify the killing.

Nelson Mandela a Most Admired Hero Essay

Nelson Mandela is one of the best examples of heroes in contemporary times. He devoted his flavor to end the obscureheid in southeasterly Africa. His struggle and devotion to this cause was so important that we could say that the international movement of solidarity with the struggle for freedom in mho Africa was arguably the biggest social movement the world has seen. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on the 18th of July 1918 is a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to moderate the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalized racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation.A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he canvas law. Livi ng in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the African National sexual intercourse and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. by and by the Afrikaner nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANCs 1952Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty.Read more The someone I admire essay exampleAlthough initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sente nced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison after 27 years spent in jail. Four years later, Mandela is elected the first black President of South Africa. His government faces enormous challenges in the post-Apartheid era, including rampantnpoverty and crime. Mandela is particularly concerned about racial divisions between black and white South Africans, which could lead to violence.The ill will which both groups hold towards each other is seen even in his own security system detail where relations between the established white officers, who had guarded Mandelas predecessors, and the black ANC additions to the security detail, are frosty and marked by mutual distrust. While attending a spicy of the Springboks, the countrys rugby union team, Mandela recognizes that the blacks in the pipe bowl cheer against their home squad, as the mostly-white Springboks represent prejudice and apartheid in their minds. He remarks that he did the same while imprisoned on Robben Island.Knowing that South Africa is exercise set to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup in one years time, Mandela persuades a meeting of the newly black-dominated South African Sports Committee to delay the Springboks. He then meets with the captain of the Springboks rugby team, Franois Pienaar, and implies that a Springboks victory in the World Cup will unite and inspire the nation. Mandela also shares with Franois a British poem, Invictus, which had inspired him during his time in prison. Franois and his teammates train. Many South Africans, both black and white, doubt that rugby will unite a nation torn apart by some 50 years of racial tensions. For many blacks, especially the radicals, the Springboks symbolize white supremacy.Both Mandela and Pienaar, however, stand firmly behind their theory that the game can successfully unite the South African country. Things begin to change as the players interact with the fans and beg in a friendship with them. During the opening games, support for the Springboks begins to aim among the black population. By the second game, the whole country comes together to support the Springboks and Mandelas efforts. Mandelas security team also grows closer as the confused officers come to respect their comrades professionalism and dedication. The Springboks surpass all expectations and qualify for the final against The All BlacksSouth Africas arch-rivals. New Zealand and South Africa were universally regarded as the twain superior rugby nations, with the Springboks being the only side to have a winning record against the All Blacks up to this point.The first test series between the two countries in 1921 was the beginning of an intense rivalry, with emotions running high whenever the two nations met on the rugby field. Before the game, the Springbok team visits Robben Island, where Mandela spent the first 18 of 27 years in jail. Franois Pienaar mentions his amazement that Mandela could spend thirty years in a tiny cell, and come out ready to forgive the people who determine him there. Supported by a large home crowd of both races, Pienaar motivates his team. Mandelas security detail receives a scare when, just in the beginning the match, a South African Airways Boeing 747 jetliner flies in low over the stadium. It is not an assassination attempt though, but a demonstration of patriotism, with the message not bad(predicate) Luck, Bokke the Springboks Afrikaans nickname painted on the undersides of the planes wings.The Springboks win the match with a score of 1512. Mandela and Pienaar meet on the field together to celebrate the improbable and unexpected victory. Mandelas car then drives away in the traffic-jammed streets leaving the stadium. As Mandela watches the South Africans celebrating together from the car, his voice is heard reciting Invictus. Mandela has been a controversial figure for much of his life. Right-wing critics denounced him as a terrorist and communist sympathizer. He nevertheless gained international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received more than 250 honors, including the 1993Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata (Father) he is often described as the father of the nation.

My Car Crash Crisis

How could my dad and comrade survive without gravy with our Sunday dinner? Unfortunately the store cupboard was sadly lacking in anything resembling Bisto, no(prenominal) the less myself and my miniature sister were strapped into the back of Mums car trying to find one of those little shops which my mum describes as life savers for the working mother where she could obtain some gravy granules and ensure that peace reigned at the Sunday dinner table. I should add at this stage my mother was heavily pregnant with my little brother.I personally had no objection to this little excursion as it gave me the opportunity to get some sweets. Then again I was thinking I would probably get plenty of sweets at my friend Suzannes party which I was due to go to that afternoon. I was really come acrossing forward to Suzannes party. All those varied coloured balloons just waiting to be burst save little did I know that it was my happiness balloon which was about to be burst. Mum was madcap al ong the road and was pulling into her little Filling Station lifesaver.As we pulled across I saw a br declare jeep heading towards us but it didnt seem to be slowing down. I was strapped in the back passenger seat and my little sister Kathy was in her baby seat I could hear my mum shout but I am not sure what she said. She tried to make it to the car park but even Michael Schumacher would shoot found it impossible. I recall vividly seeing the lady driver of the other vehicle. Her face was white and her mouth was open and her eyes modify with fear. That severalise second seemed to last forever and was only interrupted by the wailing screech of brakes.Time was once again frozen as my mind filled with questions-what would happen to my mum? -What would happen to my sister? -What would happen to me? All our lives were hanging on this frozen moment in time especially mine as the jeep was heading straight for the rear passenger door. The noise of metal striking erupted as pieces of the car door, the car pillar and a shower of deoxyephedrine made contact with my body. The front passenger seat came crashing backwards jamming my leg. Fortunately I was wearing my seatbelt otherwise I feel sure I would have gone either over my baby sister or straight through the window.I suddenly had a flash back of my brother and I driving along the road at the edge of a ravine where there was no fence at the edge of the road and I was panicked of our car falling down the steep mountainside into the valley below. My brother reassured me and told me that all I had to do was brace myself. I grabbed his cyber pet ad clung desperately to it. I could feel wet fluid rolling down my face and the screams of my little sister with her eyes scrunched up as she screeched uncontrollably.My mum was already out of the car at this stage and undoing our belts. I realised the fluid running down was in fact tears not blood. In the distance I could hear sirens blazing. As my mum continued to fumble wit h the seatbelts and try and extract my little sister and me from the car I saw a smiling policewoman looking in at me. She offered me her hand but when I got out I realised I had forgotten my brothers cyber pet so I broke free from the policewomans grasp and grabbed it.She then took me to the side of the pavement beside my mum and little sister and set us all on the close wall. She reassured me that my mum, sister and I would all be okay. I began to shiver uncontrollably and my head started to spin and it was only then that I became aware of the baseball swing on my leg. I just could not seem to get warm realising this a policeman came over and gave me his jacket whilst my mum phoned my dad and called him to the scene. I remember my mum crying, as she was concerned about my sister, her unborn child and myself.The lady in the other car was very supportive and friendly but I was so glad when dad arrived and took us home. My mum was very keen to take me to hospital to have me checke d out but I could not bear to be taken anywhere strange or to be parted from my family. I just wanted the warmth comfort and protection of our own home. When we got home mum and dad cuddled us on the settee and gave us a warm blanket with cups of steaming hot chocolate thankfully our next door neighbour who is a GP came and tended to us.Thank goodness no one received any serious injury and my cuts and bruises soon healed. When I look back on the accident I feel very glad I had my seat belt on because otherwise my injuries would have been much worse and I am also glad my mum was driving a large heavy car which absorbed a lot of the impact but more than anything ever I realised something for the first time just how precious life is and that we should always try to enjoy each day.

Organizational Communication: Process Essay

IntroductionCommunicate with others is necessary and essential for everyone. Studentsneed to communicate with their classmates or their t all(prenominal)ers and employees need to communicate with their pigeonhole and clients. discourse is everywhere in races day-to-day life. However, there are many factors stooge affect how the communication goes. Communication formed from modify information from one person to another.(Orlova, 2010) In this passage, the author will give two real-life example of twain successful and failure organizational communication cases because illustrate the reason wherefore non-verbal communication , face to face communication and self-awareness contribute to the efficient communication and how these factors works. Last but not the least the writer will explain how different organizational cultural values, lack of active heeding and Computer-Mediated Communication boost the failure communication case.Successful Communication vitrineThis example is slightly a handleion stem which formed with three people in my schoolwork, one Chinese, one Japanese and one Vietnamese. We were going to discuss a question about what cause to climate change. Since I do not know much things about the climate change. When Japanese was blithering, I gruelling on what she said and mystify eye contact with her. If I looked like confusing, she would clarify what she just talked about and never mind to plow again. Both of Vietnamese girl and me had nodding our heads when we restrain with her point of views. Sometimes we used some gestures and facial expression when we were discussing. Whats much, we had group meetings in school every daytime that we can finish our work together. At last, our tutor said we each(prenominal) done a great job.Factors that promote the organizational communicationNon-verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages, language is not only source of communication, and there are other authority in addition. Nonverbal communication can be communicated through gesture and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expressions and eye contact. (Orlova, 2010).One of the reason of why Non-verbal communication promotes organizational communication is because it is trustworthy. As described in the example, when we were discussing, we had eye contact with others. Eyes dont lie. If you guide eye contact with somebody who is talking, it provesthat you are paying economic aid of what he or she said and to a fault shows your respect to that person. Whats more, the speaker can also recognize others whether understand what he or she is talking about.When I looked confused in the conversation, the Japanese girl will elucidate what she had just talk about in detail so as to reserve me know relieve oneselfly about it. After this, I knew more things about climate change which encourage me to do more research about it rather than onl y listening about others opinions. This is really important when you are doing a group project. Another reason for why non-verbal communication is superior for organizational communication is that people can transmit a message naturally and even do not need to speak out to make others understand the meaning unconsciously.Firstly, body language assists us conducting the watchword. It will not make sense until you response to others talking. When we agree with others, we will show our understanding through nodding our heads or raising our thumbs. Secondly, we sat very close to each other when we were discussing, like friends more than group mates that help us to establish the relationship more friendly and warmer. Orlova(2010) emphasised the reason of why the use of spaces is mainly significant when people piss fundamental interaction in groups is because where group constituents sit relative to one another defecate an pitch on the flow of the conversation.Face-to-face communi cation contribute to the successfully communication as well. convolute et al. (2009) found that because face to face communication is produced in real time, speakers have direct feedback on how their message is being understood as it is being delivered. In our discussion group, our entire group members insist of having group meeting in campus everyday contributed to the success of the discussion most. Face-to-face communication is fitting to make sure that each of us merely focuses on our discussion in the particular time. Despite the fact that face to face communication not as convince as online chat. Face-to-face communication is in fact much more than speaking and speech is greatly influenced both in heart and content by this essential form of communication.(Marion, Jean-Luc & Gerard 2010)People can have a better interaction when having face to face communication. In our discussion group, when soul do not agree with others opinions we can discuss directly and asking question s.Face-to-face communication can encourage people to dwell the discussion as well. When individual cant speak fluently, others will help him or her to keep on talking, for example, gives some door opener questions or paraphrase his or her arguments. Face-to-face encounters tend to go on longer than other forms of communication. However, when our group buddies have a face-to-face conversation, each of us has do an effort to the meeting. We have probably spent longer talking together in order to have a better discussion about our topic.Self-awareness also makes us do a better job on our group work. The more you know about yourself, the greater you will feel emotionally and the more adapt you will become at dealing with situations. Self-awareness is ones own knowledge and assessment, including their mental aptitude, personality characteristics and psychological understanding of psychological processes and evaluation. If person can realize what he or she good at and the weakness of themselves, they can do the job better. People evaluate themselves accurately which can help them to work more efficiently. One of the most important things in doing projects with others is contribution.It is impossible that you want others to finish your part of job either. Self-awareness can make you know clear about what you can do for this team. In our discussion group, I am the person who not good at collating information so that I was in charge for the researching part. I would give the information to the Vietnamese girl who is good at comprehensive analysis to collating information. This distribution of work can make our discussion group work more efficiently and everyone feel comfortable about this allocation.The failure organizational communication exampleWhen I was doing the BEP course last year, a presentation group was formed with quartet people. People are all from different countries including one Iraqi, one Chileans, one Indian and me from China. However, when the Ir aqi was talking about her thoughts about the presentation she did not allow others to add some views and she just keep talking on her own. After she finished her talking, she presently continued to ill-tempered about her own businessand totally annoying what other group members were talking. Though she is the woman who has many life experiences and she dont care about what others thinking. In this situation, even we can meet at the classroom every day, our group buddies changed to use E- send off to connect with each other and did not have a formal discussion anymore. This was not like a team work. Not surprisingly, our presentation group got a very low mark cod to the lacking of communicationFactors that boost the failed organizational communicationActive listening is a complicated branch of learning which requires intense awareness and anxiety to both of verbally and nonverbally information that someone is transmitting. It calls for the listener to pour out themselves of person al concerns, distractions and preconceptions. (Mackay, 1994) Listening is the ability of how you receiving the message and make judgment about the words. When someone is listening, he or she may write notes with the purpose of make a long term remembering and paraphrase in his or her own words. Whats more, listening is also the ability of learning, people can learn from others when they are listening. Attentive listening not only means we pay all of our attention to receiving from others but also tell others what we interested in. Active listening is crucial in many areas, for instance, in the working environment, employee should listen to their colleague and students should take notes or paraphrase teachers speech during classes.Nevertheless, the writer thinks that acting listening is especially important for the team work. It can demonstrate your respect and only make other feel your presence but also making effort to the task. In our presentation group, the Iraqi only focused on what she was thinking and did not give some advices or reflection about others ideas. Whats more she was doing her own business when others were talking and it seems that what we said have nothing to do with her. This mannequin of egocentrism is the barrier to listening which leads to the ineffective communication in our presentation group. Other group members would have prejudices and biases because the way of how she behaves. Corporate culture defines the feel of an organization-the strategies, managerial personalities, style, environment, traditions, ethics, and shared values and beliefs that contribute to its individuality. It can be broadly described asauthoritative, bureaucratic or entrepreneurial.(Graham & Martin 2004)People come from different countries tend to have a different set of norms and different views to the same subject. Mott (2008) has argued that there are a lot of easily noticeable aspects of an organizational culture, such as their conduct and life experience. At the same time, there are also other parts of organizational culture are more theoretical, like their beliefs, values, and assumptions .In our presentation groups, all of our group members come from different countries may have diverse culture values and assumptions. The Iraqi woman who thought herself had experience much more than each of us did not consider about others opinions or she thought only what she said was right and everyone should follow her. Whats more, the Chileans young boy stopped talk about the topic of our presentation after we were treated like that.And the Indian people and I just feel helpless in this situation. All of these things can be analysed as because we have different personalities and different style of communication with others. The culture of an organization is important because it frequently affects its ability to get things done (Graham & Martin 2004).Everyone in the presentation group contributed to the failure communication because it was hard for us to understand foreign countries terms, values and how foreigners performs in the certain situation. People do not have to right to judge others behaviour whether right or wrong. The living environment can affect someones values too. Computer-Mediated Communication leads to the failed organizational communication as well.Simpson (2002) claimed that CMC is an umbrella term which refers to human communication via computers. Temporally, a distinction can be made amid synchronous CMC, where interaction takes place in real time, and asynchronous CMC, where participants are not necessarily online simultaneously. In spite of CMC bring us a lot of convince and independence from time-space, CMC, it provide less time for our group mates to develop our relationship and have less chance to understand each other better. Besides, CMC does not inculpate peoples non-verbal behaviours and initial reaction.People can do multi task at the same time when they using CMC which may pay less atte ntion on one task. In the example I stated above, the presentation group chose to communicate via CMC rather than face-to face communication caused to the result that we are not able to communicate in a proper way. Using E-mail to connect with ourgroup buddies was inefficient because not each of us check mail box regularly. Sometimes we received the e-mail in the next day and would not response in time. As the presentation group which mixed four people from different countries, it was hard for each group members to communicate and understand others well..ConclusionTo sum up, at the beginning of this passage, the writer talked about why the members of discussion group communicated with each other successfully .Firstly, non-verbal communication which contains a lot of eye contact, gesture and body movement make the conversation conduct efficiently. Secondly, the discussion group insists to have face to face communication everyday provide a positive impact on the organizational communi cation. Thirdly, self-awareness of each group member knows clear about what is the strength and weakness of them contributes to the successful communication as well.At the second part of this paper, the writer explained how organizational cultural values effect the conversation. If group members lacking of active listening can cause to the termination of the conversation had been discussed in this part. Next, the writer had illustrated the difference organizational culture values between group members would have a negative impact on the communication. Last but not the least, Computer-Mediated Communication which lack of non-verbal communication, instant feedback and initial reaction also boost the failure communication case.How to communicate with others is a course for everyone. Having a better communication with others brings lots of advantages in both study area and daily life. Because successful communication can help you to have a better relationship with others and sometimes i t can avoid conflict as well. Learning to listen to others and accept others opinions is the basic skills for the successful communication. However, communication is not only consisting of literalness but also non-verbal communication. If you learn how to communicate with others, you take the first step to success.ReferencesMarion Dohen, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Gerard Bailly 2010 Speech and face-to-facecommunication An introduction Speech Communication, mountain 52, Issue 6, pp. 477 480 Mackay H.1994, The good listener. Better relationships through better communication.(Previously published as Why dont people listen)Sydney Pan Macmillan Martin Graham 2004,Cultural Values Motor Transport, 07/2004, p. 12 Mott Linn 2008, Organizational culture an important factor to consider The Bottom Line Managing Library Finances, Volume 21, Issue 3, pp. 88 93 Orlova M. 2010, The role of interaction of verbal and non-verbal means of communication in different types of discourse Sociosfera, Volume 4, pp. 58 66 Rick van der Kleij, Jan Maarten Schraagen, Peter Werkhoven and Carsten K. W. De Dreu2009, How Conversations Change Over Time in Face-to-Face and Video-Mediated Communication Small Group Research, Volume 40,Issue 4,pp.355-381 Simpson, James, 2002Computer-Mediated Communication ELT Journal, Volume 56, Issue 4, pp. 414 15

Shareholder vs Stakeholder vs Market Failure’s Model

Business and ethics argon often postulateed as opposite ends of a magnet, one in the means of pursuit profit and other with the usual assumption of desisting from profit maximization so the question become is assembly line ethics re whollyy an oxymoron? The usual perception of business ethics is very low and pessimistic as many incorporated executives say one thing yet do another. Although the maximization of self-interest and profit seeking is what drives the economy forward, yet how should ones actions be justified, is it ok to do as you wish as large as the honor permits?Business managers along with other professionals drive home sets of ethical codes laid proscribed and are to be followed. There is the bar set in place to monitor the practices of each individual lawyer medical association for doctors as they perform medicine and a ring to be worn to constantly remind the engineers of their professionalism and the potential consequences of their work (Heath). Managers on the other sink do not have an association to oversee the decisions they make, whether they are permissible by law or meet the moral obligations.However not having the standards on write up does not mean there arent any to be followed. In sanctify to make justification for the type of behaviours business managers have and to outline the divert actions they should take, many ethical theories have been developed since. There are three that top hat represent the key perspectives in this matter Friedmans shareholder surmisal, freewomans Stakeholder theory and Heaths Market Failure Model of business ethics (Heath).Each of them is the pillars of which many other theories are based on merely have very different and opposite views. The Shareholder theory suggests that manager has fiduciary duties to the shareholders scarce if and must maximize net income as long as the law permits. The Stakeholder theory on the other hand suggests that managers have fiduciary duties to all stak eholders whom are positively or negatively affected by the decisions of the unattackable shareholders are only of the stakeholders and their benefits cannot account for all.The qualification of one groups benefits can only be made in conjunction of making all other stakeholders better too shareholders are no more special than the suppliers, customers, employees and communities. Both the Stakeholder and Shareholders theories are biased towards different ends, one suggesting internet to be maximized for one group while the other stating that profits should be common good for all. Furthermore, the Market Failure Model of business ethics comes in betwixt the two, yet containing arguments of both entirely in revised versions.I leave behind argue in this paper that the Market Failure Model is the one that best describes the causes and effects of the business environment we have today and the post ethics play within it. First, an extraction and analysis of the Market Failure Model w ill be conducted and be used to explain why it is the best fit for the current business environment and ethics. I will then explain the shortfalls of the Shareholder and Stakeholder theories and why they lack considerations on a broader scope. Market Failure Model Market failure is the situation when the competitive commercialise fails to provide an efficient outcome.In order for an efficient allocation of resources, there must be the absence of externalities, symmetrical information surrounded by buyers and sellers, insurance markets, and utility maximizing agents whom are keen when making decisions (Heath). However in the real world, the above conditions are rarely met and thus the idea of a perfect market becomes only ideal in theory but impractical in reality. In response to such failure in the market, two corrective phenomenons exist. The first being the creation of corporations which is organized in a system of hierarchy.Managers have fiduciary duty to follow legal as well as moral constraints to achieve profit maximization for members in the hierarchy, in this case the shareholders. Moreover, in order to achieve the highest profits for anyone in the market, they will need to compete in values as well as crop innovation. Many historical scenarios has proven that competition leads to economic advancements where without it would result in economic doldrums. China and India had been communist states in the past where there were minimum price competition and product innovations, the government had full control and attempted to effectively allocate resources.However such intervention only led to full economic stagnation and poverty for its people. By the late 80s, both the Chinese and India government returned control to the market itself where competition for profit resumed and thus the economies began to advance and has brought prosperity upon its people. This not only turn out profit seeking, price competition in the market is rather healthy for the economy but also concluded that government interventions in the market can create unneeded deadweight loss.The second response to Market Failure involves preservation of the market transaction and is subject to legal and regulatory constraints (Heath). In a competing market, there are various strategies firms may take to maximize their profits. Strategies that involve only of lower prices, better quality and product innovation that would exist in perfect completion are referred to as preferred strategies whereas the ones involving pollution, misleading publicizing, sale of products with hidden defects are called non-preferred strategies (Heath).From the Market Failures perspective, the ethical firms will refrain from using non-preferred strategies even if they are allowable by the loophole of the law and regulations. These firms seek non-preferred strategies because they bring easy and quick forms of profits, but it is also short lasting. Misleading advertising stands to false adv ertising as deception does to fraud (Heath). When firms adopt misleading advertisement for its products, it will bring short term profits before consumers reckon they are being deceived.However when consumers do acknowledge the unethical behaviours of the business, they will switch products and by the word of mouth spread unfavourable comments of the firm thus in the long run, such business behaviour is not practical as bad reputation leads to loss of sales and eventual closedown of operations. Profit seeking often bears negative conceptions due to the frequent exploitation of the market and flaws of the legal and regulatory systems.These firms fail to consider the moral obligations they must also endure. The analogy between orporate social responsibility and Good sportsmanship effectively compares and applies such concept. Having good sportsmanship does not only include not breaking the rules of the game but also refraining from exploiting the loopholes and flaws of the regulation s. fetching basketball for example, unavoidable physical contact will occur during the game however one should avoid purposely injuring other players just to gather.Although certain teams do adopt such tactics like those firms using non-preferred strategies to make money, but most top ranked teams along with the most reputable firms still win by applying only of the preferred strategies. Attack on Shareholders possible action Milton Friedman Shareholder theory argues that there is a fiduciary relationship between the managers and shareholders managers by all means possible and permissible by law, must maximize profits (Friedman). However recent corporate scandals proof otherwise.The case of Enron for example, where corporate CEO and president along with other top executives engaged in a sequence of deception behaviours to achieve the maximum profit, not for shareholders but for themselves. steady on the verge of bankruptcy, these top managers froze the shares held by common shar eholders so they could sell out all their shares while everyone else will suffer the drop in price. This proved the willingness to break the law never mind moral obligations, in order to maximize the self-interests of the managers themselves.It is mistaken to trust the strength of the fiduciary relationship between managers and shareholders where the shareholders are without protection. One may argue that shareholders can simply fire the irresponsible manager, but as Enron proves, these managers can easily cheat shareholders without being found out until it is too late. Another shortfall of the Shareholder theory is the inconsideration for others who are also affected by the firms decisions. Lockean argues that shareholders are entitled to the profits as employee deserves their fee, but it is unconvincing because it only defines the legal obligations but not the moral (Heath). We have no legal obligation to give but do not mean we have no moral obligation to give to benevolence(He ath) This quote from Heath suggests that even though it is not by law that we must be moral and has concerns for other, but it doesnt mean there arent any moral and ethical codes to be followed. Attack on Stakeholder Theory The Stakeholder theory compared to the Shareholder theory argues that managers have fiduciary duties to everyone who are affected by decisions of the firm, including suppliers, customers, employees and many others (Freeman).It is true that consideration for these stakeholders are important when making business decisions however it doesnt mean managers have fiduciary duties to all. Managers in corporations are trusted directly of property rights of shareholders with no alternatives and minimum protection against uncertainties. Suppliers, customers, employees and other stakeholder on the other hand have the ability to train whether they are to be affected by the corporation.If suppliers refuse to agree to conditions and prices offered by firm, they may wish to pl anning to other firms instead when customers refuse to pay for certain products or cannot agree to values (values referred to the corporate operations and its effects in the society) offered by the firm, they may choose not to purchase its products and lastly employees may choose to resign from his position when conflict of interest and ethical concerns occur or may do in the whistle and expose the wrong doings of the firm to the public.Each group of stakeholders have their own alternatives in dealing with managers decisions and do not have property rights already invested and pay to managers for the outcomes of their performance thus they cannot be considered as having fiduciary relationships with managers. The major flaw of the stakeholder theory is that it assumes the stakeholders are not capable of making their own rational decisions and has left the responsibility of their wellbeing in the hands of others.The second shortfall of the Stakeholders theory is its short-term and n arrow scope view of the matter and failed to consider the long-term strategies of the firm and wellbeing of the people. Walmart has been growing exponentially in recent years, but has also been experiencing much negative publicity like poor wages and benefits for its employees. When worker arent paid enough, the most common solution they seek is from the managers raising their wages.However most of these workers fail to realize they are only being paid according to their skill sets, rather than holding the managers and corporation responsible they should instead reflect on themselves and obtain higher education or more specialise skills to be worthy of their pay. If workers demand two or three dollars subjoin of their wage, they also need to consider the overall effects on the firm and not just themselves it is not about a little more on one persons pay cheque but the effect of thousands of workers and the incremental costs that a firm will bear.The market is competitive in nature , when firms fail to make profits, it will cease in existence in the long run. When the firm becomes bankrupt, all employees will lose their jobs and whom should be held responsible for that? Conclusion In conclusion, all three theories share different views of business ethics and the role of managers should take in it. Shareholder theory argues managers have fiduciary duty to shareholders only and should seek to maximize profits as long as its legally permissible Stakeholder theory states managers have fiduciary duty to all stakeholders and must make ecisions so when certain stakeholders are made better off, the others regard must also be better than their original state. Both of these theories tries to outline what behaviours managers should take on a biased perspective yet fails to fit literal economic and market characteristics. Heaths market failure model on the other hand suggests that managers do have fiduciary duties to shareholder only but should make decisions meeting th eir moral obligations as well, meaning adopting strategies that best benefit the firm and the society in the long run.Certain firms may donate to charity because they feel morally responsible or perhaps to cut taxes or simply for publicity however in the overall wellbeing of the society, intentions matter but results matter even more. Firms that adopt non-preferred strategies will eventually break laws or be publicly criticized, will suffer losses in sale and be eliminated by firms applying preferred strategies because the market works to correct itself of its failures. Bibliography Heath, J. (n. d. ). Business ethics without stakeholders.In F. Allhoff & A. Vaidya (Eds. ), Business in Ethical Focus An Anthology (pp. 110-126). Peterborough Broadview. Friedman, M. F. (n. d. ). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. In A. Allhoff & A. Vaidya (Eds. ), Business in Ethical Focus An Anthology(pp. 65-69). Peterborough Broadview. Freeman, E. F. (n. d. ). A stakehol der theory of the modern corporation. In A. Allhoff & A. Vaidya (Eds. ),Business in Ethical Focus An Anthology (pp. 69-78). Peterborough Broadview.

Abortion Persuasive Essay Essay

Despite spontaneous spontaneous miscarriage being a highly controversial and divisive familiar polity know, wellness check spontaneous spontaneous stillbirth is a highly feasible and wellnessy alternative to other(a), illicit spontaneous abortion procedures and the approachability of checkup abortion should, consequently, be maximized rather than restricted. The reality is that for to the highest degree women who ar researching ways to end their pregnancy a efficacious and safe medical abortion is just one of several options that much(prenominal) women be ordain to go through. Without a viable and safe option for women seeking ways to end their pregnancy, legion(predicate) to a greater extent women will engage in bad pregnancy ending behaviors, such(prenominal) as self-induced, non-medical, and illegal abortions. Minimizing the attack to abortion ope array has been a policy goal of conservatives for some metre, piece of music the left has desire to inc rease introduction to medical abortion operate. This tip over is framed by several Supreme lawcourt rulings, most nonably the Casey v. Carhart case which affirmed womens right to abortion, limiting the restrictions that pleads can put on abortion clinics just now leaving ambiguous exactly what restrictions atomic number 18 allowed.While states and local municipalities be non allowed to outlaw abortion clinics, they still enact and enforce severe restrictions on abortion clinics and abortion services. This creates a de facto criminalise on abortion in umteen states, particularly red states. The trouble addressed in this wander is the authorization for severe costs of severely limiting the availability of and access to abortion services for mother seeking to end their pregnancies. Relying heavily on cutting empirical studies on the health outcomes of mothers after abortions, this project begins by examining the safety, both physical and rational, of abortions for mothers. Next, this project examines the legal issues that frame the public policy abortion debate, with a particular focus on the Casey v. Carhart case. Finally, this project presents recent recoverings from various organizations on the prevalence of abortions n azoic the world and, in particular, the unite States.The most weighty finding presented here is that abortion rates escape to remain steady regardless(prenominal) of whether there argon several restrictions on abortions, which refers that women who seek abortions are willing to engage in illegal and life-threatening abortion procedures when no legal options are available. Because of this fact and other findings presented below, legal abortion services should be made widely available to populations across the fall in States. While most public policy debates on abortion focus on thedistinction between persons and non-persons, as well as the point in which a fetus is considered a person, there is considerable debate over the health outcomes of women who go through abortions. Much of the research relevant to the abortion issue focuses on the physical health outcomes of women. Creinin and Danielsson investigate recent test on the physical health outcomes in women after they go through abortions.This article discusses many studies concerning medically induced abortion that occur very early in pregnancies. The researchers draw conclusions about trends found in the studies and the empirical info produced by such studies. The researchers here find that medical abortions are becoming safer (121). That is, opus at one point medical abortions were potential quite dangerous for women, today, evidence redes that they are quite safe for the physical health of the women. In fact, the rate of incident is lower than most invasive procedures, the research suggests, which supports the notion that legal medical abortions are veridically safer than other ways that women seek to end their pregnancies. unacc ompanied studies on legal abortions were featured in this critique. While there is no empirical evidence on the safety of illegal abortions performed on women, it would seem that they are unlikely to be nearly as safe as legal medical abortions.The physical health of a woman after receiving an abortion is, of course, a very important factor in determining whether medical abortion practices area safe. However, with much more attention being paid to mental health of individuals and the importance of mental health in living a healthy and meaningful life, it is important to examine research findings on the specific mental health effects of abortion on women. In a systematic review of literary productions on the long-term mental health outcomes of women Charles et al. analyzes, compares, and discovers tends in the entropy from more than twenty studies on the long-term mental health outcomes of women who make up medical and legal abortions (442). This literature review focuses very h eavily on the long-term psychological health of such women and assesses the quality of the findings from each translate, on a scale that extends from very poor to excellent in quality. Charles et al. effectively scan the relevant literature from 2000 to 2008 on the mental health outcomes of women after medical abortions to find the most relevant findings.This literature review finds that most higher quality studies found close to no significant differences in the mental health outcomes ofwomen who hold back had abortions performed and those who have not. Additionally, while the studies that were much poorer in quality than the aforementioned studies more than half of the era produced findings that suggested that women who have had an abortion in their life times have significantly worse mental health outcomes. Thus, there may be two sorts of data being presented in public policy debate on abortion data that suggests that women do not suffer negative long-term mental health conse quences of abortion and data that suggests differently. The objective Charles et al. literature review, however, strongly supports the latter findings, suggesting that, in fact, there is support against the notion that medical abortions lead to long-term negative mental health outcomes in women.While the systematic literature review of the available data on the psychological health of women after abortions is highly useful in any attempts to determine the risks associated with legal abortions, there is a need for the presentation of much more recent research findings on this issue. Munk-Olsen et al. tarradiddle the results of a study on the risks of mental disorders and threats to psychological health in women who have gone through induced abortions during their first trimesters. The results of this study are very recent and patron to shed light on exactly how safe medical abortions have become. Also, the findings presented in this study have been compared to the results of other studies performed at a similar time to this study, making for more meaningful and significant results. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between the prevalence of mental disorders in women who have had at least one abortion and those who have not (336).Additionally, the results of this study showed that the participants who had gone through abortions were not in significantly different mental health conditions than the participants who had not gone through abortions (336). The findings form this study lend strong support for the notion that access to abortion clinics should be maximized. One notable problem in public policy debates it the availability of data on the frequency of abortions, both legal and illegal, performed in the United States. Jones et al. presents findings about the frequency of abortions in the United States, as well as the availability of abortion services across the United States. The researchers found that in general a ccess to legal abortion services was quite low, despite the Supreme Court ruling that women have a constitutionalright to an abortion (11).However, the authors note that all of the available data for the report did not include any data on unreported abortions, which, presumably, mostly includes illegal abortions. There is a problem emerging in regard to the availability of data on legal abortions and illegal abortions. The problem is that there is a wealth of data available on the prevalence and health outcomes of legal abortions, while there is virtually no meaningful data on illegal abortions. This is, of course, due to the fact of the illegality of such abortions. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to measure the potential harms committed in illegal abortions when not sufficient data is available. Additionally, comparing legal to illegal abortions and their respective maternal health outcomes is quite challenging presumptuousness the differences in the availability of data. Even so, there are several hypothesiss that can help draw sound conclusions based on these research findings.One assumption is that legal abortion procedures tend to be safer than illegal abortion procedures. The rationale behind this assumption is that there is a greater likelihood that legal abortion procedures are performed by trained medical professionals who are qualified for such procedures. For illegal abortion procedures, neither the proper training nor the proper credentials are required. Additionally, illegal abortion procedures include self-initiated abort procedures, which are, of course, not performed by medical professionals. Another sound assumption is that as the availability of and access to legal medical abortion procedures ebbs, the number of illegal and unsafe abortion procedures increases. This is because many women choose to have abortions whether legal or illegal. Easy access to a safe and legal abortion clinic is likely more preferable for most women seeking ab ortions. Thus, when such women do not have access to a safe and legal abortion clinic, many will still choose to have an abortion, but under much less safe conditions. Pazol et al. present a report on the prevalence of abortions in the United States.This report features a number of surveillance summaries on abortions performed. The data used to construct such summaries is provided by the Center for Disease Control. The data is compiled and then analyzed, leading to a number of summative statistics concerning the rates of abortion in the United States. The number of reported abortions is among the leading statistic in this report, as is the abortion rate by age groups and several historical datatrends. This report indicates that the number of performed abortions in the United States increased from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s (Pazol et al. 27). However, more recently, the data suggest that reported abortion numbers have fallen, as have abortion rates in the United States. The repo rt finds that access to abortion in many parts of the country has decreased, which may help to explain why the number of reported abortions has decreased (Pazol et al. 29). The findings from this study do not include findings of unreported or illegal abortions. Nevertheless, the findings from this study are consistent with previous findings and follow the path that the legal framework for abortion and abortion restriction policies appears to have taken with recent Supreme Court rulings.Once of the most important Supreme Court cases concerning state restrictions on abortion is the Casey v. Carhart case. The law professor Reva Siegel wrote a law review article on the Casey v. Carhart case. The ruling by the Supreme Court in this case is that states are not allowed to severely restrict womens access to abortion services (Siegel 1724). Doing so is a violation of womens right to an abortion, according to the Court. This ruling affirms prior rulings that have stated that states may not pr ohibit abortion and may not make it so difficult for a woman to get an abortion that the states have de facto banned abortion (Siegel 1729). Despite this very important ruling from the Supreme Court, states are, in many ways, still allowed to severely restrict access to abortion clinics to the point where most women seeking abortion in a state will be more likely to choose to either not have an abortion or have an illegal abortion. This is because the Supreme Court ruled that states, themselves, must be challenged on a case-by-case basis before the exact laws that restrict abortion can be deemed unconstitutional (Siegel 1736).In other words, though the Supreme Court struck down state legislation that put severe limitations on legal abortion clinics, states still have so many other limitations that have not been explicitly stricken down and, thus, can still be used by the states to effectively ban abortion. Even though the Court has stricken down several specific forms of limitations for legal abortion clinics, states have still continued to come up with new ways to limit abortion clinic practices that the Court has yet to strike down (Siegel 1732). The current state of the law concerning abortion and state policy abortion restrictions is such that states are allowed tosubstantially restrict access to safe and legal abortion procedures. Another legal scholar, Mary Anne Warren, agrees that the current legal status of abortion is such that states are largely free to severely limit access to safe and legal abortion procedures, despite Supreme Court rulings that would seem to suggest otherwise (142).Warren argues that not only is the current legal status of abortion in the United States an uncertain one and one that need further illuminance from the Supreme Court, but alike that the Court has expressed the strong moral obligation to allow women to have abortions, yet has not done nearly enough to make this assertion hold among the states (145). Warren presents fi ndings from several different studies and literature on the various effects of abortion, the established rates of reported abortion, and the availability of abortion clinics. The findings presented by Warren show that there is a strong contradiction in what the Supreme Court claims is the established rights of women to have an abortion and the actual state of affairs. One of the biggest issues, Warren states, with the current state of affairs for abortion is that the access to abortion differs radically by state.In some states, abortion clinics are diffuse to find, while in others, they are virtually non-existent due to severe limitations and restrictions imposed by the state (141). Although it is typical for states to differ substantially on many public policy issues, for several Supreme Court decisions to come down and expressly prohibit states from imposing such abortion limitations, it is a clear contradiction by the Court. From many perspectives, then, the current legal situat ion of abortion and abortion restrictions by the states in the United States in one that allows the states far too much adjustment in how far they can restrict access to abortion.Research from 2013 suggests that more than twenty million unsafe abortions happen every year worldwide annually. However, less than two percent of these abortions occur in developed countries. Additionally, far fewer occur in the United States (Sedgh et al. 27). This finding would appear to suggest that the number of unsafe abortions is relatively low in the United States compared to the rest of the world. However, the United States has a low tolerance for abortions, compared to many of the other states included in these research findings. Moreover, the United States has a rate of maternalfatalities for legal abortions that is less than 1 out of 10,000, with almost all of such fatalities occurring past 16 weeks after conception (World wellness Organization 16). Recent research findings have confirmed the a ssumptions that certain clinical practices and mandates for abortion procedures lead to very safe abortions (World wellness Organization 30).This finding provides substantial support in favor of keeping the availability of legal and safe abortion options available to women who are determined to get an abortion. Research findings from 2013 also suggest that where legislation allows abortion under broad indications, the incidence of and complications from unsafe abortion are typically lower where abortion is legally more restricted (World Health Organization 17). Furthermore, the World Health Organization reports that where abortion is legally more restricted or available on request, a womans likelihood of having an unintended pregnancy and seeking induced abortion is about the same (17). Additionally, research findings from World Health Organization reports indicate that illegal abortion practices tend to be much less safe than legal abortion practices (23). The World Health Organiza tion findings strongly suggest that women who seek abortion services are likely to engage in some form of abortion services even when such services are unsafe or illegal. These findings are not only applicable to the world, in general, but also apply to the United States specifically.The report by the World Health Organization on the rates of abortion in countries that impose strict abortion laws and those that have not shows that when countries tighten their restrictions on abortion the actual rates of abortion tend not to decrease substantially, meaning that women who seek abortions are still having abortions performed, even when such abortions are illegal and unsafe (22). These findings support the notion that the levels of restrictions on abortions in the United States should be decreased and the availability of and access to abortion services for women should be maximized, not minimized. The evidence presented here strongly suggests that women will be better off if abortion ser vices are made widely available. Current restrictions on abortion services, particularly through state legislative actions, are making it much more difficult for women to find abortion clinics. Many abortion clinics have closed in many states, particularly red states.The political divide on this issue is leading to states polarizing,with many states having a very high level of abortion clinic availability and many other states having a very low level of abortion clinic availability and access. However, the Supreme Court has already ruled on this issue. It is unconstitutional for any state to outright ban abortion or make it so difficult for a woman to receive an abortion that abortion is de facto banned, meaning that for all intends and purposes abortion is banned by the state. The states that are severely limiting womens access to safe and legal abortion procedures are not only violating the Constitutional as interpreted by the Supreme Court, but are also harming women. The fact th at women will continue to seek abortion procedures, even when no safe and legal abortion procedures are available means that women are willing to cause significant bodily risk to themselves to have an abortion. With this in mind, restricting access to abortion is creating many more risky situations than was ever intended. It should be realised that further restricting safe and legal abortion procedures in any particular state is simply hurting the women who may be seeking abortions at some point in those states.Evidence presented earlier showed that legal abortion procedures are very safe now, which means that women who seek abortions can have access to safe abortion procedures, but only if the abortion procedures in the given state are low. In states with high abortion restrictions, many women will be denied access to safe abortion procedures, despite such procedures being protected by the Constitution. By not acting to bring down the restrictions on abortions that are harming wom en by putting them in risky situations and continuing to tighten such restrictions, policy makers are acting irresponsibility. The topic of abortion in public policy debates is typically highly controversial and divisive. Even so, the findings presented here show that because medical abortion is a highly feasible and healthy alternative to illegal and flatulent abortion procedures. Thus, the availability of and access to legal medical abortion procedures should be increased.As shown above, research suggests that most women who seek means end their pregnancies tend to find ways to have abortions, legal otherwise. After all, a legal and safe medical abortion is just one of several options, many of which are unsafe. Without a viable and safe option for women seeking ways to end their pregnancy, many more women will engage in risky pregnancy ending behaviors, such as self-induced, non-medical, and illegal abortions. Minimizing the access toabortion services has been a policy goal of th e right, while the left seeks to increase access to medical abortion services. The result public policy debate is framed by the Casey v. Carhart case which affirmed womens right to abortion, limiting the restrictions that states can put on abortion clinics but leaving ambiguous exactly what restrictions are allowed. While states and local municipalities are not allowed to outlaw abortion clinics, they still enact and enforce severe restrictions on abortion clinics and abortion services.This creates a de facto ban on abortion in many states, particularly red states. This project has addressed the problem of the possibility of thorough unsafe risks to women seeking abortion services when access has been severely limited by state and local policies. This project presents recent empirical studies on the health outcomes of mothers after abortions, examining the safety, both physical and psychological, of abortions for mothers. It also presented the legal issues that frame the public pol icy abortion debate, with a particular focus on the Casey v. Carhart case, before go to recent findings the prevalence of abortions in the United States. Abortion rates tend to remain steady regardless of whether there are several restrictions on abortions, which suggests that women who seek abortions are willing to engage in illegal and unsafe abortion procedures when no legal options are available. This crucial finding is well supported in by research and strongly supports the conclusion of this project legal abortion services should be made widely available to populations across the United States. workings CitedCharles, Vignetta E., et al. Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes a systematic review of the evidence. Contraception 78.6 (2008) 436-450. Creinin, Mitchell D., and Kristina Gemzell Danielsson. Medical abortion in early pregnancy. Management of Unintended and defective Pregnancy Comprehensive Abortion Care (2009) 111-134. Githens, Marianne, and Dorothy McBride St etson, eds. Abortion politics public policy in cross-cultural perspective. Routledge, 2013. Jones, Rachel K., et al. Abortion in the United States incidence and access to services, 2005. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40.1 (2008) 6-16. Munk-Olsen, Trine, et al. Induced first-trimester abortion and risk of mental disorder. New England Journal of Medicine 364.4 (2011) 332-339. Pazol, Karen, et al. AbortionsurveillanceUnited States, 2009. MMWR superintendence Summit 61.8 (2012) 1-44. Rohlinger, Deana A. Abortion Politics, Mass Media, and Social Movements in America. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Sedgh, Gilda, et al. Induced abortion estimated rates and trends worldwide. The Lancet 37.5 (2007) 1338-1345. Siegel, Reva. Dignity and the politics of protection abortion restrictions under Casey/Carhart. Yale rectitude Journal 117 (2008) 1694-1802. Warren, Mary Anne. On the moral and legal status of abortion. (2009). World Health Organization. Unsafe abortion global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008. (2011).

Counselling Theory Essay

In this essay I get out describe key elements of Psychodynamic surmisal, Person-Centred possibleness and Cognitive-Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the higher up theories. I shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will because end with my conclusion.Key Elements of Psychodynamic TheoryDr Sigmud Freud (1856-1939), is the founder of the psychodynamic approach. Dr Sigmud Freud believed that childhood experiences and unconscious(p) thoughts had an effect on peoples behaviour. Psychodynamic counselling refers to the inner most deepest unconscious traumas and conflicts of the persons mind. According to Jacobs, 2010, p.4Psychodynamic counselling has more variations then numerous people realise. Psychodynamic counselling was developed from psychoanalytic theory. Its main purpose is the clients self-aw arness and recording of the influence of the past on present behaviour. As a way of freud understanding peoples thoughts and motivations he introduced the idea of distinct psychosexual stages. The psychosexual stages ar oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.Dr Sidmud Freud saw human behaviour as a result of give and take between terzetto parts of the psyche (personality). The three parts be the id which is pleasure, too much of everything and instance gratification. The swelled head is the sensible side of us and trys to find ways of satisfying the id in a way that the super ego will take hold with, and that is also in line with reality. The super ego is the moral part of the psyche its punitive comes from our parents, teachers and society. It uses anxiety and guilt to prevent us from acting on the ids impulses. According to Jacobs, 2010, p.8Freud used the terms Id, Ego and Super-ego to illustrate his map of the internal relations within the psyche. In the psychodynamic approach clients are encouraged to conveying feelings they have toward important figures they have in their lives. Onto what they call the analyst in a process called transference. Success of this approach often depends on both(prenominal) the counsellor and client and how well they work together.1.2 Describe key elements of person centred theoryCarl Ranson Rodgers (1902-1987), was the founder of the humanistic approach. Most counselling courses use Rodgers as their bases. The core conditions are the frame work of Rodgers work. The first key element of person centred counselling is empathy. Empathy means to understand and share the feelings of another. According to Mearns and Thorne, 2007, p.64A state of silent contact and engagement between two people, in which each person is fully real with the other, and able to understand and value the others experiences at a high level. The second key element of person centred counselling is congruence. Congruence means to be genuine and transparent for the counsellor to be themselves within a counselling relationship without putting up fronts that prevent them revealing their true self.The third key element of person centred counselling is vapid positive regard, including prizing. This means the counsellor accepts the clients unconditionally and non-judgementally. Within the frame work of the person centred approach to counselling, the client is given the knowledge of the power and dicks they already accept to take responsibility for their own lives and health. Great emphasis is placed upon the importance of the relationship between the counsellor and the client and firmly disregards the concept of the counsellor as an expert who knows all the answers to the clients issues in life. Carl Rodgers has taught us that given the right conditions, any angiotensin converting enzyme and everyone are more than capable of fulfilling their true potential, this is called self-actualising. According to Mearns and Thorne, 2007, p.49Empathy should not be confused with sympathy.1.3 Describe key elements of cognitive-behaviou ral theoryAaron Temkin Beck, M.D (1921-present), developed his approach called cognitive therapy in the 1960s. Cognitive-behavioural theory (CBT) is a kind of psychotherapeutic treatment that enables patients to comprehend the thoughts and feelings that control their behaviours. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is more frequently used to treat an extensive range of disorders such as depression and anxiety. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is widely short and concentrates on enabling clients to deal with very event problems.Often six weeks to six months sessions of course depending upon the problem it is pacifically goal directed and places great weight upon self-help as a long term coping tool that the client stinker take away with them and successfully use. Cognitive-behavioural therapy believes that clients can learn the wrong ways of developing and making sense of information during their cognitive development. This can often lead to distortions in the way they identify reality, its the job of the therapist to enable them to work this out. According to Dryden, 2007, p.299Cognitive therapy first came to the attention of British psychologists and psychiatrists through the pioneering work of the British researchers who sought to evaluate the efficacy of Becks treatment for depression. Cognitive-behavioural theory can be used on a one to one basis or in a group setting. It is utter that in order for cognitive-behavioural therapy to be effective, the client needs to be ready and unstrained to devote time and effort analysing their thoughts and feelings.1.4 Identify the key differences between the above theoriesCognitive-behavioural theorys main purpose is on the awareness cause for proscribe behaviours has and transforming them through a course of self-help. This treatment is a brief course. Person-centred theory observes that because the clients had not been given the opportunity to experience the right conditions during development to be able to self-actualise , the clients problem branch from this.The person-centred counsellor endeavours to recreate these core conditions within a safe therapeutic relationship. This type of therapy usually lasts for a few years. One ample difference between humanistic counsellors and other therapist is that they refer to those in therapy as clients not patients. Psychodynamic theory is based onthe concept of the relationship between the three different fabrics of the psyche personality, psychodynamic therapy is long term. It draws attention to the unconscious and seeks to advance the clients conscious power over their lives.The three theories have their differences for instances cognitive-behavioural therapy is a short-term therapy is usually given to clients free on the NHS and is one of the cheapest hence the reason the NHS provide it. Person-centred therapy is in the middle it cost a lot more then cognitive-behavioural therapy and the timescale for the therapy is considerably longer. Psychodynamic the rapy takes a number of years and is the most expensive of the three. According to Dryden, 2010, p.78The therapist is confined to listening and interpreting the material brought by the client.2.1 How counselling theory underpins counselling skillsThe backbone of counselling theory is developing a good rapport with your client. Theory gives the counsellor the professional frame work, guidance and knowledge to be able to enable their clients. This in turn gives the client the reassurance and confidence to build an effective therapeutic relationship (working alliance) with their counsellor. It ensures that a professional frame work is in place to enable the client the freedom to explore very traumatic and disturbing experiences ethically and safely. When a counsellor has a good understanding of the theory they can better provide the therapy their client deserves.They can understand their clients and their experiences comprehend why a client may behave in a authentic way or feel the way they do. Having this knowledge better helps the counsellor to know what direction they should take with the material provided by the client. The task of undergoing counselling study teaches a counsellor extensive but vital significant skills for instances by using unconditional positive regard (U.P.R), you are accepting the client for who they are no matter what they may have done or said in their lives. Accepting the client as they are good and bad traits. This is exercised by the counsellor to enable the client to establish self-regard, self-worth. withal part of the counsellors frame work is it is absolutely compulsory to take their material from their session to their supervisor.The supervisor will enable thecounsellor to gain a better understanding and knowledge of their sessions and also work through any transference the counsellor maybe experiencing. Also the supervisor ensures the counsellor is able to counsel as of course the counsellor is human and maybe experiencing di fficulties in their personal lives. The supervisor will ask active the theory used following the questions used at this point the counsellor is able to reflect upon their skills and theory. A counsellor will be able to understand what they are doing and able to explain their methods if they have a good concept of theory. According to Dryden, 2010, p.530Theory and techniques specific to the therapy approach being learned. In most types of readiness this is a major component but, as has been proposed, the well-educated therapist needs to consider the range of approaches.ConclusionIn my essay I have considered the three different theories. in that location are vital differences between the three theories but equally there are also comparabilitys. The main frame work of all the theories are to enable people to change so they can understand and appreciate themselves and ultimately have power over their lives, behaviours, feeling and attitudes in all the therapies it is said that this can be accomplished through talking and self-analysing.Through writing this essay I have learnt that I would like a mix of the person-centred and psychodynamic therapy. All three theories have their worth and value and I found it fascinating learning about them more intensely. While most people would say that the issues such as finance and time would be a factor, I believe one of the main issues would also be the willingness of the client for change and self-growth.